Crop substitution behavior among food crop farmers in Ghana: an efficient adaptation to climate change or costly stagnation in traditional agricultural production system?

Agricultural and Food Economics

Table 1 Description and summary statistics of model variables

Variables	N	Mean	Standard deviation	Minimum	Maximum
Crop yield (kg/ha)
Cassava	1513	5342.36	8437.83	45.59	85097.14
Maize	2017	661.26	1429.954	0.59	32592.59
Sorghum	560	346.33	503.37	2.70	4325.26
Rice	333	637.65	1154.79	2.06	12722.65
Yam	682	3150.98	5935.54	61.31	72598.55
Farm size (ha)
Cassava	1508	1.65	3.27	0.02	97.10
Maize	2012	1.97	4.07	0.02	97.10
Sorghum	555	3.22	10.69	0.09	194.21
Rice	328	2.13	4.07	0.05	42.48
Yam	677	2.01	4.14	0.04	82.94
Output price (GHS/kg)
Cassava	2577	0.12	0.07	0.02	1.07
Maize	2577	0.55	0.84	0.01	6.00
Sorghum	2577	0.38	0.40	0.12	4.00
Rice	2577	0.41	0.59	0.03	9.00
Yam	2577	0.46	0.32	0.07	5.47
Climate
Minimum temperature (°C)	2577	22.29	0.63	21.18	23.48
Maximum temperature (°C)	2577	31.88	1.66	29.6	34.94
Rainfall (mm)	2577	1179.79	145.95	807.69	1377.49
Socioeconomic
Household labor (number)	2577	2.58	1.64	0	16
Age-head (years)	2577	45.57	14.62	18	95
Gender-head (=1 if female)	2577	0.17	0.38	0	1
Education-head (years)	2577	3.13	4.60	0	16
Farm input (GHS/ha)	2577	35.79	84.81	0	1200

Notes GHS: Ghana cedi; 1 US$ = 0.92 GHS as of December 2005.
Source: calculated from 2005 Ghana Living Standard Survey and Ghana Meteorological Agency data.