From: The adoption of technologies, management practices, and production systems in U.S. milk production
Variable | Units | Regular Veterinary Services | Nutritionist to Design Feed Mixes/Purchase | Keep Individual Cow Production Records | Forward Purchasing of Inputs | Negotiate Price Discounts for Inputs | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | β | Marg Effect | β | Marg Effect | β | Marg Effect | β | Marg Effect | β | Marg Effect |
Constant |  | 0.9779* (0.5619) |  | 2.2682*** (0.5681) |  | −0.0730 (0.5371) |  | −0.9932 (0.6556) |  | −0.2132 (0.5356) |  |
Farm Structure | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Cows | No./100 | 0.3171** (0.1491) | 0.0638** (0.0270) | 0.1747* (0.0907) | 0.0319** (0.0160) | 0.1170 (0.0874) | 0.0263 (0.0190) | 0.0969** (0.0392) | 0.0152** (0.0060) | 0.2356*** (0.0616) | 0.0555*** (0.0150) |
Acres | No./100 | 0.0807*** (0.0290) | 0.0162*** (0.0060) | 0.0245 (0.0230) | 0.0045 (0.0040) | 0.0492** (0.0241) | 0.0111** (0.0060) | 0.0670*** (0.0218) | 0.0110*** (0.0030) | 0.0769*** (0.0235) | 0.0181*** (0.0050) |
Owned | Portion | 0.1526 (0.0932) | 0.0307 (0.0187) | 0.0129 (0.1027) | 0.0024 (0.0188) | 0.1515* (0.0906) | 0.0341* (0.0204) | 0.1977* (0.1057) | 0.0310* (0.0167) | 0.1737* (0.0896) | 0.0409* (0.0212) |
Specialized | Portion | 0.3708 (0.4797) | 0.0745 (0.0971) | 0.2184 (0.5011) | 0.0399 (0.0915) | 1.0345** (0.4783) | 0.2329** (0.1084) | 0.1089 (0.5634) | 0.0171 (0.0883) | 0.1536 (0.4778) | 0.0362 (0.1125) |
Organic | 0-1 | −0.7560*** (0.1825) | −0.1696*** (0.0437) | −0.8361*** (0.1802) | −0.1771*** (0.0403) | 0.3477* (0.1894) | 0.0744* (0.0390) | −0.6341*** (0.2225) | −0.0841*** (0.0265) | −0.6024*** (0.1830) | −0.1312*** (0.0376) |
Pasture-based | 0-1 | −1.4377*** (0.2251) | −0.3250*** (0.0546) | −1.2251*** (0.2219) | −0.2590*** (0.0518) | −1.0914*** (0.2155) | −0.2599*** (0.0521) | −1.2014*** (0.2702) | −0.1504*** (0.0262) | −0.2873 (0.2310) | −0.0661 (0.0516) |
Farmer Demographics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age | Yrs./10 | −0.1978*** (0.0767) | −0.0398*** (0.0154) | −0.2680*** (0.0732) | −0.0489*** (0.0132) | −0.0994 (0.0690) | −0.0224 (0.0155) | −0.1863** (0.0793) | −0.0292** (0.0126) | −0.2208*** (0.0697) | −0.0520*** (0.0165) |
College | 0-1 | 0.1120 (0.2441) | 0.0021 (0.0474) | 0.1344 (0.2611) | 0.0239 (0.0452) | 0.6260** (0.3020) | 0.1285** (0.0553) | 0.9036*** (0.2394) | 0.1709*** (0.0518) | 0.5234** (0.2171) | 0.1275** (0.0573) |
Regions | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
West | 0-1 | 0.1626 (0.3951) | 0.0315 (0.0746) | −0.1990 (0.3567) | −0.0381 (0.0707) | −0.4782 (0.3339) | −0.1139 (0.0824) | 0.4811 (0.3260) | 0.0861 (0.0781) | −0.0821 (0.3375) | −0.0192 (0.0781) |
Pacific | 0-1 | 0.1620 (0.3884) | 0.0315 (0.0738) | −0.5675* (0.3451) | −0.1163 (0.0760) | 0.3482 (0.3762) | 0.0742 (0.0763) | 0.2478 (0.3260) | 0.0415 (0.0576) | −0.0817 (0.3208) | −0.0191 (0.0743) |
Southeast | 0-1 | −1.3025*** (0.3561) | −0.3077*** (0.0841) | −0.5115 (0.3379) | −0.1048 (0.0746) | 0.2343 (0.3454) | 0.0507 (0.0721) | −0.9940** (0.3960) | −0.1135*** (0.0327) | −0.3641 (0.3387) | −0.0815 (0.0718) |
Corn Belt | 0-1 | −0.1350 (0.2153) | −0.0277 (0.0447) | −0.2997 (0.2263) | −0.0574 (0.0447) | −0.1171 (0.2005) | −0.0267 (0.0460) | 0.0895 (0.2222) | 0.0143 (0.0359) | −0.2650 (0.2030) | −0.0610 (0.0459) |
North Plains | 0-1 | −1.0329** (0.4103) | −0.2411** (0.1026) | −0.3279 (0.3884) | −0.0647 (0.0815) | 0.0725 (0.3611) | 0.0161 (0.0795) | 0.7164* (0.3945) | 0.1358 (0.0860) | −0.4551 (0.3930) | −0.1003 (0.0801) |
Appalachia | 0-1 | −0.0493 (0.2451) | −0.0100 (0.0501) | −0.6199** (0.2457) | −0.1285** (0.0546) | −0.0926 (0.2250) | −0.0211 (0.0518) | 0.1971 (0.2412) | 0.0326 (0.0415) | 0.1571 (0.2177) | 0.0376 (0.0526) |
Northeast | 0-1 | 0.2990 (0.2595) | 0.0583 (0.0488) | 0.3519 (0.2634) | 0.0616 (0.0441) | −0.0007 (0.2407) | −0.0002 (0.0542) | −0.1123 (0.2859) | −0.0173 (0.0433) | −0.1129 (0.2379) | −0.0264 (0.0553) |
South Plains | 0-1 | −1.8523*** (0.4339) | −0.4322*** (0.0898) | −1.1208*** (0.3858) | −0.2503*** (0.0939) | −0.8597** (0.3474) | −0.2087** (0.0848) | −0.2819 (0.4069) | −0.0406 (0.0539) | −0.4848 (0.3829) | −0.1064 (0.0775) |
Diagnostics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Pseudo R2 | Â | 0.1510 | Â | 0.1141 | Â | 0.0750 | Â | 0.1214 | Â | 0.1038 | Â |