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Table 7 Result of the Heckman two-step model

From: Agricultural technology adoption, commercialization and smallholder rice farmers’ welfare in rural Nigeria

 

Pooled data (1)

Upland system (2)

Lowland system (3)

Variable

Coefficient

Coefficient

Coefficient

Effect of Market Participation on Welfare: Outcome Equation-OLS

YIELD

1.182** (0.571)

−1.2503 (0.8632)

0.8636 (0.6168)

EXCONT

1577.404 (2522.187)

9733.857 (6310.524)

−2477.328 (4412.423)

GNR

17033.220*** (3305.896)

23811.81*** (5882.429)

16028.38*** (3289.288)

VOCT

6154.037** (3006.475)

6707.037(5754.729)

1002.409 (3375.999)

RICINC

0.017* (0.009)

0.0661*** (0.0163)

0.0221** (0.0104)

COSEED

7.753 (47.103)

−9.0323 (68.8715)

24.76333 (47.5518)

AGE2

14.295* (8.606)

−6.2775 (4.9782)

13.9342 (8.9275)

AGE

−1458.261* (795.262)

822.0033 (373.587)

−989.1075 (855.5659)

HSIZE

−2194.872*** (309.838)

−2613.632*** (504.914)

−2599.768*** (427.7767)

YRESID

210.599** (82.123)

−50.5019 (228.7992)

209.3046** (94.1272)

YEDUC

644.065*** (165.175)

130.358 (217.61)

759.556*** (244.9649)

HOWN

3593.435 (3504.657)

12928.19 (9626.319)

3786.609 (3662.154)

OFFINC

6124.644* (3411.996)

2027.904 (7291.49)

8152.286** (3957.274)

SEACES

4642.414 (3554.374)

−2443.123 (5420.077)

2981.639 (3392.325)

ACREDIT

−2291.433 (2228.743)

3121.345 (3700.875)

504.0302 (2638.233)

SEDIST

99.407 (158.767)

−304.55 (281.2507)

32.52597 (254.5398)

TOTAREA

−179.980 (455.375)

175.0563 (877.4499)

810.1287 (533.2662)

CONSTANT

47485.940** (23754.530)

4070.513 (32750.9)

36323.91 (24493.74)

Mills Lambda

15272.930** (6612.894)

17344.93* (9388.366)

12547.09* (7334.769)

Determinants of Market Participation: Probit Model

MEORG

−0.504*** (0.172)

−0.6321(0.7890)

−0.3546* (0.1992)

EXCONT

−0.341** (0.165)

−0.5191(0.9021)

−0.8787*** (0.2050)

VOCT

−0.442** (0.193)

−2.8322** (1.3907)

−0.3375 (0.2339)

YEDUC

0.023* (0.013)

0.1591(0.1271)

0.0332** (0.0163)

GNR

0.666*** (0.176)

3.0568**(1.2142)

0.5249*** (0.2016)

AGE2

−0.001 (0.001)

−0.0016 (0.0020)

−0.0004 (0.0005)

AGE

0.072 (0.047)

0.1184 (0.2049)

7.49E-02 (5.07E-02)

HSIZE

−0.063*** (0.019)

0.1113 (0.1474)

−0.1132*** (0.0243)

YRESID

−0.0025 (0.0664)

−0.0128 (0.0283)

−0.0061 (0.0075)

SEACES

0.971*** (0.150)

1.1562 (0.7573)

0.8023*** (0.1741)

RICINC

1.32E-06* (7.99E-07)

−3.03E-06 (4.41E-06)

1.86E-07(9.79E-07)

COSEED

0.011*** (0.003)

−0.0060 (0.0158)

0.0042261 (0.0039)

ACREDIT

0.353* (0.186)

0.0927 (0.8604)

0.6325*** (0.2040)

HOWN

0.312 (0.257)

2.1323** (1.0402)

0.1723 (0.2997)

OFFINC

−0.537* (0.276)

−2.7412** (1.3619)

−0.8467*** (0.3119)

TOTAREA

0.003 (0.042)

0.1239 (0.1607)

0.0696 (0.0498)

SEDIST

−0.026* (0.011)

−0.0306 (0.0325)

−0.0411*** (0.0135)

YIELD

0.000*** (0.000)

0.0007** (0.0003)

0.0002*** (0.0000)

CONSTANT

−3.672*** (1.235)

−3.8903 (5.8576)

−2.2379 (1.3921)

RHO

0.881

1.0000

0.78613

SIGMA

17344.686

17344.934

15963.17

Number of observations

557.000

170.000

454.000

Censored observations

161.00

18.000

150.000

Uncensored observations

396.00

152.000

304.000

Wald chi2 (17)

142.40

93.680

99.480

Prob > chi2

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

  1. Source: Field survey, 2010. ***, **, and * implies significant at 1 %, 5 %, and 10 % respectively
  2. Note: Figures in Parentheses are the standard error