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Table 1 Definition of variables and hypotheses

From: Impact of farmer education on farm productivity under varying technologies: case of paddy growers in India

Variable

Description

Hypothesized sign

Dependent variable

 ADPN

Dummy for the adoption of modern varieties of paddy (1 if adopted, 0 otherwise)

 

 YIELD

Paddy yield in kilogram (kg/ha)

 

Independent variables

 EXP

Farming experience of a farmer (years)

+

 EDNH

Farmer’s education (years of schooling)

+

 EDNDMY-1

Head’s education dummy (EDNDUMMY = 1 if 5 years or more of schooling, and 0 otherwise)

+

 EDNDMY-2

Head’s education dummy (EDNDUMMY = 1 if 10 years or more of schooling, and 0 otherwise)

+

 AVGEDN

Average education of household (average years of schooling of all household members)

+

 HS

Household size (numbers)

?

 ARPDY

Area under paddy cultivation (ha)

+

 TLC

Total labor cost (rupees/ha)

+

 SQ

Soil quality on the basis of farmers own assessment (1 if fertile, 0 otherwise)

+

 FRT

Total fertilizer use (kg/ha)

+

 ECDMY

Ecosystem dummy (1 if irrigated ecosystem, 0 if rainfed ecosystem)

+

 EXTN

Contacts with extension officials (1 if yes, 0 if no)

+

 TNCY

Tenancy structure (proportion of leased-in area to total operated landholding)

?

 SEED

Availability of MV seeds to the farmer through barter exchange or purchasing from the market (1 if exchanged, 0 if purchased)

+

 CRDIT

Access to credit (1 if accessed, 0 if no)

+

 SOC

Social capital in the form of developmental group membership (1 if member of a group, 0 if no)

+

 MKTD

Distance to the local market (kilometers)

 MEDIA

Access to media (1 if he owns television or radio, 0 otherwise)

+

 LIVSTK

Ownership of livestock (no. of livestock adult equivalent)

+

 SRTMC

Farmer’s perception about short maturity characteristics of MVs (1 if yes, 0 if no)

+

 YLDC

Farmer’s perception about higher yield characteristics of MVs (1 if yes, 0 if no)

+

 TASTEC

Farmer’s perception about taste characteristic (1 if yes, 0 no)

+

  1. The hypotheses indicate the hypothetical relationship between the explanatory variables with MVs adoption (dependent variable). The question mark in the hypothesis indicates the existence of an ambiguous theoretical relation between that variable and adoption
  2. Source: author’s field survey 2012 to 2013