Table 1 Descriptive statistics of selected variables for participants and non-participants
From: Impact of dairy hubs on smallholder welfare: empirical evidence from Kenya
Variable | Description of variable | Mean | Difference in means | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants | Non-participants | |||
Treatment variable | ||||
Participant | 1 if farmer participates in dairy hub, 0 otherwise | |||
Outcome variables | ||||
Milk yields | Milk output per cow/day/litre | 4.93 | 3.90 | 1.03** |
Net returns | Milk gross revenue minus variable investment costs (1000 Ksh/year) | 473 | 317 | 156** |
Independent variables | ||||
Age | Age of household head (years) | 46.4 | 49.1 | − 2.7*** |
Education | Years of schooling of household head | 8.7 | 7.6 | 1.1*** |
Experience | Dairy farming experience (years) | 19.4 | 23.6 | − 4.2** |
Ext. service | 1 if farmer has contact with extension agent, 0 otherwise | 0.613 | 0.431 | 0.182 |
Credit access | 1 if farmer has access to credit, 0 otherwise | 0.37 | 0.17 | 0.20*** |
Landholding | Size of landholding in hectare | 2.9 | 1.8 | 1.1** |
Livestock | Total cattle owned (tropical livestock unit) | 6.87 | 3.79 | 3.08 |
Distance | Distance to hub (km) | 7 | 13 | − 6*** |
Sex | 1 if male-headed, 0 otherwise | 0.818 | 0.661 | 0.157*** |
Off-farm | 1 if the household participated in off-farm employment, 0 otherwise | 0.466 | 0.416 | 0.050 |
HH size | Number of adult household members in adult | 6 | 4 | 2*** |
Dependents | Number of household aged < 14 and > 64 years | 3 | 4 | −1 |
Fgroup | Membership in farmers’ group | 67.58 | 47.39 | 20.19*** |
DistExt | Distance to extension office (minutes of walking time) | 62 | 102 | − 40 |