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Table 2 Determinants of dairy hub participation and the impact of participation on milk yields

From: Impact of dairy hubs on smallholder welfare: empirical evidence from Kenya

Variable

Selection

Milk yields

Participants

Non-participants

Coefficient

Std. error

Coefficient

Std. error

Coefficient

Std. error

Constant

0.387

0.524

1.254**

0.531

− 1.682

3.571

Age

− 0.161

0.109

− 0.216

0.378

0.076

0.056

Education

0.439***

0.127

3.374**

1.282

2.019***

1.015

Experience

0.237

0.145

0.296

0.182

0.624

0.403

Ext. service

0.459**

0.206

2.768**

1.123

5.520**

2.361

Credit access

0.071**

0.03

0.056**

0.022

0.039***

0.014

Landholding

0.178**

0.07

0.735

0.498

− 0.627*

0.331

Livestock

0.199**

0.101

0.047***

0.016

0.593

0.376

Distance

− 0.171***

0.04

− 0.076***

0.02

− 0.088***

0.01

Sex

0.035

0.27

− 0.237

0.16

− 0.058

0.13

Off-farm

− 0.256**

0.11

0.104

0.07

0.091***

0.03

HH size

− 0.209***

0.08

0.179**

0.09

− 0.217

0.15

Dependents

− 0.172

0.11

− 0.336

0.683

0.187

0.127

F group

0.008

0.037

0.085

0.089

0.071

0.061

Res(DistExt)

lnσ NP

0.073

0.061

  

0.427***

0.119

ρ NP

    

− 0.177

− 1.492

lnσ P

  

0.627***

0.143

  

ρ P

  

−0.537***

0.184

  

Log likelihood

− 485.438

    

χ2 statistics for overidentification

0.605 [0.41]

 

Likelihood ratio test of independent equations χ2(1)

17.63***

  1. Note: p value in square brackets. Res(DistExt)—RES denote residuals from the first-stage regressions for distance to agriculture extension office
  2. *Significance at the 10% level
  3. **Significance at the 5% level
  4. ***Significance at the 1% level