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Table 4 IV estimation of log per capita food expenditure using shadow prices

From: Welfare and food security response of animal feed and water resource scarcity in Northern Ethiopia

Variables

(OLS)

(IV)

(OLS)

(IV)

(OLS)

(IV)

lnPCFE

lnPCFE

lnPCFE

lnPCFE

lnPCFE

lnPCFE

Ln(output)

0.0998***

0.0698***

0.0984***

0.0677***

0.0842***

0.0587***

(0.0122)

(0.0164)

(0.0123)

(0.0164)

(0.0131)

(0.0165)

Ln(livestock)

0.0381***

0.0337**

0.0368***

0.0330**

0.0363***

0.0327**

(0.0130)

(0.0134)

(0.0130)

(0.0135)

(0.0129)

(0.0133)

Ln(Family size)

− 0.388***

− 0.366***

− 0.380***

− 0.356***

− 0.379***

− 0.360***

(0.0536)

(0.0556)

(0.0538)

(0.0562)

(0.0533)

(0.0550)

Gender(1/0)

− 0.103*

− 0.118*

− 0.0846

− 0.105*

− 0.113*

− 0.125**

(0.0593)

(0.0612)

(0.0595)

(0.0618)

(0.0591)

(0.0605)

Information(1/0)

0.0544

0.0363

0.0401

0.0250

0.0412

0.0267

(0.0546)

(0.0564)

(0.0546)

(0.0567)

(0.0544)

(0.0559)

Location(1/0)

− 0.0480

− 0.0629

− 0.0567

− 0.0910

− 0.126

− 0.139

(0.145)

(0.149)

(0.141)

(0.146)

(0.140)

(0.143)

Ln(MarketD)

0.00360

0.0173

0.000178

0.0150

0.00219

0.0157

(0.0341)

(0.0354)

(0.0342)

(0.0357)

(0.0339)

(0.0350)

Ashock13(1/0)

− 0.494**

− 0.408**

− 0.526***

− 0.431**

− 0.505***

− 0.426**

(0.193)

(0.201)

(0.192)

(0.201)

(0.192)

(0.198)

Ln(Shocks)

0.220

0.354*

0.241

0.396*

0.247

0.378*

(0.203)

(0.214)

(0.199)

(0.212)

(0.199)

(0.210)

Religion(1/0)

0.119*

0.143*

0.0948

0.122*

0.111

0.132*

(0.0712)

(0.0736)

(0.0707)

(0.0736)

(0.0704)

(0.0724)

Network(1/0)

− 0.0839

− 0.170***

− 0.0833

− 0.167***

− 0.0677

− 0.147**

(0.0567)

(0.0657)

(0.0564)

(0.0646)

(0.0557)

(0.0645)

Age(years)

− 0.000615

− 0.000883

− 0.000760

− 0.000914

− 0.000504

− 0.000746

(0.00176)

(0.00181)

(0.00176)

(0.00182)

(0.00175)

(0.00179)

Ln(Income)

0.0437***

0.0560***

0.0426***

0.0558***

0.0432***

0.0547***

(0.00189)

(0.00476)

(0.00190)

(0.00482)

(0.00189)

(0.00478)

Ln(ShadowPW)

− 0.0520*

− 0.0528*

    

(0.0295)

(0.0303)

    

Ln(ShadowPG)

  

− 0.0972***

− 0.0669**

  
  

(0.0286)

(0.0312)

  

Ln(ShadowPF)

    

− 0.0525***

− 0.0441**

    

(0.0172)

(0.0178)

Constant

5.753***

5.672***

6.052***

5.785***

5.835***

5.702***

(0.300)

(0.309)

(0.308)

(0.331)

(0.283)

(0.294)

R-squared

0.702

0.676

0.705

0.675

0.706

0.684

First stage

 Average rainfall

 

0.1665***

 

0.1459***

 

0.1629***

 

(0. .0573)

 

(0. 0581)

 

(0.0574)

 Shock

 

− 20.1556***

 

− 19.932***

 

− 20.004***

 

(2.184)

 

(2.1718)

 

(2.1765)

 Observation

496

496

496

496

496

496

  1. P values are for slopes: ***P < 0.01, **P < 0.05, and *P < 0.10 = significant at 1%, 5%, and 10%, probability levels, respectively