Table 3 Parameter estimates from multivariate probit and individual probit models for estimating determinants of pillars of competitiveness in HVMC

Household size

0.0130 (0.0213)

− 0.0083 (0.0189)

0.0348* (0.0207)

0.0243 (0.0186)

0.0008 (0.0052)

− 0.0030 (0.0061)

0.0088* (0.0054)

0.0079 (0.0064)

Gender

− 0.1936 (0.1597)

0.1548 (0.1488)

− 0.0653 (0.1636)

− 0.0069 (0.1414)

− 0.0425 (0.0400)

0.0424 (0.0463)

− 0.0219 (0.0409)

− 0.0056 (0.0485)

Age

0.0006 (0.0036)

0.0007 (0.0033)

0.0004 (0.0037)

− 0.0001 (0.0033)

0.0001 (0.0009)

0.0001 (0.0010)

0.0004 (0.0009)

− 0.0001 (0.0011)

Marital status

0.2254 (0.1611)

0.0686 (0.1476)

0.0324 (0.1635)

− 0.0021 (0.1407)

0.0483 (0.0396)

0.0275 (0.0459)

0.0054 (0.0405)

− 0.0010 (0.0481)

Education

− 0.0066 (0.0103)

0.0003 (0.0096)

0.0421*** (0.0104)

0.0229** (0.0092)

− 0.0018 (0.0026)

0.0008 (0.0030)

0.0106*** (0.0027)

0.0077** (0.0032)

Land tenure

0.1614 (0.1490)

0.1001 (0.1269)

− 0.2925** (0.1298)

0.0365 (0.1221)

0.0346 (0.0347)

0.0306 (0.0401)

− 0.0847** (0.0355)

0.0115 (0.0420)

Coping with PMS

0.0023 (0.0940)

0.0424 (0.0846)

0.2747*** (0.0924)

0.1446* (0.0818)

0.0064 (0.0233)

0.0129 (0.0269)

0.0748*** (0.0238)

0.0486* (0.0282)

Farm location

− 1.0216*** (0.1204)

1.3580*** (0.1262)

− 0.3731*** (0.1191)

0.3816*** (0.1125)

− 0.2779*** (0.0307)

0.4045*** (0.0356)

− 0.1011*** (0.0314)

0.1202*** (0.0372)

Land size

− 0.0029 (0.0222)

0.0224 (0.0246)

0.0052 (0.0184)

0.0246 (0.0194)

− 0.0008 (0.0053)

− 0.0052 (0.0062)

0.0018 (0.0055)

0.0079 (0.0065)

AIV intensification

0.0117 (0.1720)

− 0.1581 (0.1633)

− 0.0608 (0.1724)

0.1468 (0.1538)

0.0055 (0.0434)

− 0.0562 (0.0502)

− 0.0121 (0.0444)

0.0506 (0.0526)

Fertile soil

0.2603*** (0.0926)

0.0132 (0.0821)

− 0.0484 (0.0885)

− 0.1006 (0.0791)

0.0608*** (0.0225)

0.0020 (0.0261)

− 0.0141 (0.0230)

− 0.0341 (0.0273)

Distance to watering point

− 0.0126 (0.0346)

− 0.0069 (0.0174)

− 0.0041 (0.0206)

− 0.0612 (0.0543)

− 0.0017 (0.0051)

− 0.0026 (0.0059)

− 0.0014 (0.0052)

− 0.0103* (0.0062)

Distance to market

− 0.0083 (0.0177)

0.0289* (0.0164)

0.0039 (0.0177)

0.0107 (0.0159)

− 0.0023 (0.0044)

0.0088* (0.0051)

0.0013 (0.0045)

0.0035 (0.0054)

Type of irrigation system

0.4205*** (0.1211)

0.2688** (0.1317)

− 0.0732 (0.1274)

0.4670*** (0.1160)

0.1327*** (0.0333)

0.0625 (0.0385)

− 0.0171 (0.0340)

0.1634*** (0.0403)

TLU

0.1167 (0.0769)

0.1216* (0.0719)

0.1883** (0.0768)

0.0720 (0.0690)

0.0271 (0.0194)

0.0352 (0.0224)

0.0474** (0.0200)

0.0250 (0.0235)

Number of farm enterprises

0.0811*** (0.0208)

0.0075 (0.0195)

0.0120 (0.0210)

0.0393** (0.0189)

0.0803*** (0.0211)

0.0024 (0.0061)

0.0021 (0.0054)

0.0135** (0.0064)

Off-farm income

− 0.1186 (0.1029)

− 0.1224 (0.0981)

0.1453 (0.0981)

0.1036 (0.0913)

− 0.0312 (0.0259)

− 0.0345 (0.0300)

0.0407 (0.0265)

0.0324 (0.0314)

Access to information

− 0.2531** (0.0999)

0.0913 (0.0901)

0.1394* (0.0942)

0.3440*** (0.0843)

− 0.0610*** (0.0243)

0.0312 (0.0281)

0.0387 (0.0248)

0.1173*** (0.0295)

Access to warning on shocks

− 0.0503 (0.1233)

0.0606 (0.1069)

0.0482 (0.1165)

0.3039*** (0.1028)

− 0.0067 (0.0298)

0.0194 (0.0223)

0.0168 (0.0304)

0.1072*** (0.0361)

Contract farming

0.0932 (0.1629)

0.0558 (0.1496)

0.2045 (0.1527)

0.3189** (0.1417)

0.0237 (0.0411)

0.0406 (0.0476)

0.0584 (0.0421)

0.1117*** (0.0499)

Certification

0.0578 (0.0997)

0.3972*** (0.0877)

0.1591* (0.0944)

0.4392*** (0.0844)

0.0157 (0.0247)

0.1338*** (0.0286)

0.0449* (0.0253)

0.1601*** (0.0299)

Constant

− 1.0986*** (0.3317)

− 1.9073*** (0.3157)

− 1.4601*** (0.3232)

− 1.7972*** (0.2995)

− 0.1911** (0.0817)

− 0.0530*** (0.0946)

− 0.0625 (0.0836)

− 0.1145 (0.0991)