Income and food Engel curves in Rwanda: a household microdata analysis

Nsabimana, Aimable; Bali Swain, Ranjula; Surry, Yves; Ngabitsinze, Jean Chrysostome

doi:10.1186/s40100-020-00154-4

Agricultural and Food Economics

Table 3 Estimated W-L model for food consumption: first upper stage

From: Income and food Engel curves in Rwanda: a household microdata analysis

Explanatory variables	Estimated coefficients
Explanatory variables	Rural households	Urban households
Log(total household expenditure)	0.946^***	− 0.408
Log(total household expenditure)	(0.215)	(0.533)
[Log(total household expenditure)]²	− 0.039^***	0.010
[Log(total household expenditure)]²	(0.008)	(0.018)
Household size	0.012^***	0.017^***
Household size	(0.001)	(0.002)
Number of adults	− 0.008^***	− 0.006^*
Number of adults	(0.003)	(0.004)
HH age	0.207^***	− 0.001
HH age	(0.062)	(0.185)
HH age squared	− 0.024^***	− 0.000
HH age squared	(0.008)	(0.025)
Household with non-farm business	− 0.014^***	− 0.021^***
Household with non-farm business	(0.002)	(0.008)
Monogamy household	0.013^***	0.026^***
Monogamy household	(0.003)	(0.007)
Spouse with no education	− 0.022	− 0.015
Spouse with no education	(0.025)	(0.026)
Spouse with primary education	− 0.023	0.003
Spouse with primary education	(0.024)	(0.029)
Spouse with secondary education	− 0.026	− 0.016
Spouse with secondary education	(0.023)	(0.027)
HH has no education	− 0.001	0.055^**
HH has no education	(0.021)	(0.021)
HH has primary education	− 0.011	0.037^***
HH has primary education	(0.020)	(0.013)
HH has secondary education	− 0.018	0.013
HH has secondary education	(0.017)	(0.012)
Southern Province	− 0.025^***	− 0.018
Southern Province	(0.005)	(0.011)
Western Province	− 0.019^***	− 0.026^**
Western Province	(0.006)	(0.012)
Northern Province	0.011^**	0.002
Northern Province	(0.005)	(0.017)
Kigali City		0.227^***
Kigali City		(0.013)
Constant	− 5.749^***	4.006
Constant	(1.437)	(3.969)
Turning point	200,138	1.30e+ 09
[95% confidence interval]	[66753–333522]	[− 2.84e+ 10 to 3.10e+ 10]
Anderson-Rubin test	21.54***	12.33***
Anderson correlation LR test	225.29***	32.84***
Observations	11,645	2502
R-squared	0.254	0.539
Expenditure elasticities	0.76***	0.63***

Robust standard errors reported in parentheses are obtained using a clustering approach according to household levels of total expenditures. The Anderson-Rubin test is used to check the joint significance of the endogenous regressors: (Log(total expenditures) and [Log(total expenditures)]²). The Anderson correlation likelihood ratio (LR) test aims at checking whether the two estimated equations are identified, i.e., that the excluded instruments are relevant. The null hypothesis of the test that the equation is under-identified is highly rejected, i.e., implying that the model is identified. The dependent variable for each equation is household expenditure share of food among rural and urban HH. Asterisks “***”, “**”, and “*” denote the significance levels at 1, 5, and 10%, respectively. HH household head

Back to article page