The geography of agriculture participation and food security in a small and a medium-sized city in Ghana

Ayerakwa, Hayford Mensah; Dzanku, Fred Mawunyo; Sarpong, Daniel Bruce

doi:10.1186/s40100-020-00155-3

Agricultural and Food Economics

Table 3 Tobit and probit estimates of household participation in agriculture and food security (AME)

From: The geography of agriculture participation and food security in a small and a medium-sized city in Ghana

Variables	Tobit for HFSAS score (Eq. 3)			Probit for FSD (Eq. 4)
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
	Full sample	Techiman	Tamale	Full sample	Techiman	Tamale
Participation in agriculture (ref. is UandR)
Nonp	− 1.631***	− 0.594	− 2.043***	− 0.166***	0.014	− 0.253***
Uonly	− 1.263**	− 0.659	− 1.201*	− 0.136***	− 0.010	− 0.141**
Ronly	− 1.850***	− 0.853	− 2.282***	− 0.190***	− 0.027	− 0.263***
Female HH head	− 0.712**	− 1.802***	− 0.042	− 0.122***	− 0.235***	− 0.050
Age of HH head	0.020	0.052**	0.000	0.001	0.005**	− 0.002
Age of spouse	− 0.016	− 0.036	− 0.017	− 0.000	− 0.003	0.001
Married HH head	0.297	0.398	0.055	− 0.015	− 0.000	− 0.033
Years schooling: HH head	0.004	− 0.019	0.010	− 0.003	− 0.005	− 0.002
Years schooling: spouse	0.210***	0.461***	0.063*	0.023***	0.046***	0.009*
Years schooling: other adult	0.354	0.166	0.628*	0.029	− 0.001	0.080**
HH size	0.059	0.203**	− 0.052	0.008	0.016	0.001
Share of dependants	0.421	− 0.331	1.137*	0.046	− 0.030	0.133*
Received cash transfer	0.005	0.114	− 0.230	0.017	0.049	− 0.031
Received food transfer	0.324	0.311	0.159	0.036	0.040	0.009
No. of nonfarm income earners	0.051	− 0.192	0.311**	0.010	− 0.014	0.035*
Monthly per capita income	0.011***	0.009***	0.014***	0.001***	0.001***	0.001***
Livestock producer	0.054	0.219	− 0.143	− 0.031	0.004	− 0.087
Owns dwelling	0.282	0.095	0.218	0.049**	0.009	0.068**
Chronically sick HH head	− 0.594***	− 0.416	− 0.616**	− 0.076**	− 0.066	− 0.071
Chronically sick spouse	− 0.611**	− 0.764*	− 0.395	− 0.032	− 0.061	0.009
Chronically HH member	− 0.313	− 0.372	− 0.237	− 0.053	− 0.062	− 0.040
Indebted	0.050	− 0.773**	1.508***	− 0.016	− 0.098**	0.109*
Unemployed HH head	− 1.521***	− 1.976***	− 1.039**	− 0.126***	− 0.169***	− 0.089
Unemployed spouse	− 0.936***	− 1.335***	− 0.496	− 0.060	− 0.129**	− 0.000
Unemployed HH member	− 0.504**	− 0.282	− 0.634**	− 0.062*	− 0.008	− 0.101**
Techiman	− 0.187			0.003
Observations	2004	1008	996	2004	1008	996
Log-likelihood value	− 4295	− 2148	− 2102	− 1263	− 619.7	− 607.5
Pseudo R²	0.0763	0.0842	0.0873	0.1292	0.152	0.158

AME average marginal effect
***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1

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