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Table 7 Endogeneity corrected estimates of household participation in agriculture and FS (AME)

From: The geography of agriculture participation and food security in a small and a medium-sized city in Ghana

Variables

Tobit for HFSAS score (Eq. 3)

Probit for FSD (Eq. 4)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Overall

Techiman

Tamale

Full sample

Techiman

Tamale

Participation in agriculture (ref. is UandR)

Nonp

− 1.474**

− 0.756

− 1.635*

− 0.177***

− 0.015

− 0.257***

Uonly

− 1.135**

− 0.675

− 0.742*

− 0.136**

− 0.011

− 0.121**

Ronly

− 1.756***

− 0.830

− 2.058***

− 0.191***

− 0.028

− 0.258***

Female HH head

− 1.732

− 2.282***

0.351

− 0.258

− 0.300***

− 0.030

Age of HH head

− 0.023

0.044

0.001

− 0.003

0.005

− 0.002

Age of spouse

0.003

− 0.034

− 0.007

0.002

− 0.002

0.002

Married HH head

− 0.043

0.458

0.088

− 0.043

0.025

− 0.016

Years schooling: HH head

− 0.116

− 0.041

0.014

− 0.015

− 0.006

− 0.001

Years schooling: spouse

0.382*

0.517***

0.120

0.043

0.053***

0.016

Years schooling: adult

0.157

0.461

0.655

0.013

0.038

0.085

HH size

− 0.037

0.189*

− 0.140*

− 0.004

0.012

− 0.009

Share of dependants

1.681

0.513

1.904**

0.172

0.036

0.205**

Received cash transfer

− 0.643

− 0.019

− 0.401

− 0.056

0.025

− 0.077

Received food transfer

0.663

0.366

− 0.015

0.072

0.050

− 0.005

No. of nonfarm income earners

0.293

− 0.273

0.373

0.036

− 0.026

0.044

Monthly per capita income

0.009**

0.009***

0.014***

0.001

0.001***

0.001***

Livestock producer

− 0.743

0.252

− 0.073

− 0.105

0.018

− 0.061

Owns dwelling

− 0.164

− 0.449

0.261

0.003

− 0.048

0.071*

Chronically sick HH head

− 0.359

− 0.432

− 0.569

− 0.057

− 0.069

− 0.075

Chronically sick spouse

− 0.535*

− 0.879**

− 0.354

− 0.029

− 0.080

0.009

Chronically HH member

− 0.392

− 0.075

− 0.102

− 0.063*

− 0.019

− 0.021

Indebted

− 0.818

− 0.891**

1.743

− 0.111

− 0.100

0.122

Unemployed HH head

− 1.568***

− 2.234

− 1.093*

− 0.133***

− 0.416

− 0.093

Unemployed spouse

− 1.474*

− 1.931

− 0.445

− 0.142

− 0.416

0.002

Unemployed HH member

0.881

0.055

− 0.329

0.077

0.011

− 0.070

Techiman

0.119

  

0.034

  

Correction terms

 IMR1

0.123

0.223

− 0.170

0.011

0.025

− 0.019

 IMR2

− 0.518

− 0.210

0.003

− 0.056

− 0.023

− 0.004

 IMR3

0.376

− 0.015

0.113

0.039

− 0.006

0.012

Joint F-stat for IMRs

0.630

0.261

1.994

0.615

0.310

1.784

P-value of F-test

0.595

0.854

0.113

0.605

0.818

0.149

Observations

2004

1008

996

2004

1008

996

Log-likelihood value

− 4295

− 2148

− 2102

− 1263

− 619.7

− 607.5

Pseudo R2

0.081

0.087

0.089

0.128

0.161

0.163

  1. AME average marginal effect
  2. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1