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Table 5 Basic G-MNL model results of attributes’ choice model

From: Consumers’ preference and willingness to pay for enriched snack product traits in Shashamane and Hawassa cities, Ethiopia

 

Full G-MNL

G-MNL-II (γ=0)

G-MNL-I (γ=1)

G-MNL (τ = 1)

β

St. err.

β

St. err

β

St. err.

β

St. err.

Taste parameters in utility functions

Sorghum-chickpea

.584***

.071

.493***

.078

.595***

.085

.796***

.073

Maize-chickpea

− .208**

.086

− .147

.096

− .197**

.087

− .397***

.079

Shape

.205***

.042

.328***

.048

.226***

.047

.213***

.045

Flavor

.681***

.038

.680***

.048

.751***

.056

.958***

.050

Labeling

1.216***

.049

1.024***

.048

1.227***

.072

1.316***

.066

Price

− .260***

.014

− .301***

.015

− .283***

.016

− .307***

.022

Constant

− 4.76***

.123

− 5.12***

.151

− 4.78***

.141

− 4.97***

.149

Heterogeneity in mean (standard deviation)

Sorghum-chickpea

.083

.108

.051

.077

.033

.089

.035

.058

Maize-chickpea

.005

.159

.057

.118

.057

.060

.158**

.065

Shape

.123***

.042

.111

.319

.161**

.066

.206***

.059

Flavor

.236***

.027

.415***

.069

.343***

.047

.403***

.050

Labeling

.345***

.038

.701***

.050

.432***

.071

.891***

.061

Price

.055***

.018

.027***

.010

.013

.039

.008

.017

Tau (τ)

.735***

.034

.684***

.082

.708***

.055

1.0

Fixed

Gamma (γ)

1.487***

.146

0.0

Fixed

1.0

Fixed

.098

.071

Sigma (i)

.976

.765

.979

.707

.978

.734

.957

1.089

N

8400

 

8400

 

8400

 

8400

 

LL function

− 5124.27

 

− 5065.44

 

− 5111.37

 

− 5078.14

 

McFadden Pseudo-R2

.444

 

.451

 

.446

 

.449

 

AIC/N

1.224

 

1.209

 

1.220

 

1.212

 
  1. The asterisk symbols ***, **, and * imply the significance at 1%, 5%, and 10% level, respectively