Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the sample households

Household head sex [0 = female, 1 = male]

0.69

0.46

Household head age [years]

52.48

14.34

Household size

3.46

1.30

Dependency ratio

0.17

0.20

Farm size [acres]

3.92

2.89

Average distance to the parcels [minutes]

10.20

15.94

Soil quality [1, very poor—5, very good]

3.48

0.59

Crop diversity [# of different crops produced]

3.44

1.44

Livestock diversity [# of different animals owned]

2.18

1.53

Total agricultural income [BTN]

77,867.67

277,429.4

Distance from farm road [min]

7.83

10.59

HDDS

8.74

2.04

FVS

15.24

5.58

WPDM regarding household asset purchases

0.44

0.22

WPDM regarding agricultural asset purchases

0.41

0.29

WPDM regarding animal purchases, sales, and inputs

0.44

0.24

WPDM regarding crop grown

0.52

0.21

WPDM regarding food purchases

0.52

0.29

WPDM regarding harvest use decisions

0.51

0.20

WPDM regarding animal income use

0.44

0.24

WPDM regarding the use of income from crop

0.51

0.20

WPDM regarding input use for crop

0.48

0.24

WPDM regarding land use

0.47

0.25