Table 1 Description and summary statistics for SF adoption decision

Network( assistance from relatives/friends ,ETB )

Gender (1 = if household head is male)

Education (1 = if household head is literate)

Credit (1 = if household had access to credit in 2014/2015)

Cart (1 = if household head own cart tool)

Improved (1 = if household head had breed cows)

Information (1 = if household own Radio, TV and Mobile)

Fodder shed (1 = if household head own fodder shed)

Location (1 = if household lives above 2000m.a.s.l)

Distance to nearest road (in walking minute)

Household head age (years)

Family labor (h)

Farm income(Ethiopian currency, ETB; 1$≈24 ETB in 2015)

Grazing area to household ratio(Ha/number)

Distance to free grazing (walking minute)

Forage expense (ETB)

Total plots owned by the household (number)

Village Experience of SF(year)

Distance to market (walking minuets)

Off farm income (ETB)

Value of all farm tools (ETB)

Farm size(ha)

Distance to nursery (walking minutes)

Feed supplementary expense (ETB)

Total family size (number)

Access to animal shed (yes = 1)

Veterinary expense (ETB)

Dependent variables in the first equation

Total herd size (TLU)

Total milk production per household (L/day)

Milk yield (liters per cow per day)

Manure use (kg) per household

Animal shock experience (yes = 1)

Hired labor (yes = 1)

Lactation period (months)

Own milk and milk product consumption expenditure (ETB)

Animal and animal product market participation (yes = 1)

Animal feed purchase (yes = 1)

Length of biophysical construction (m)

Growing trees in plots (yes = 1)

Number of plants planted on household plot (number)

Keeping milking cows (yes = 1)