Table 1 Summary of statistics of variables used in the analysis by survey year (mean values)

 High-yield wheat adoption (yes =1)

0.129

0.018

0.184

0.018

0.138

0.016

0.151

0.010

 High-yield wheat area planted, adopters (tsimidi)

0.158

0.029

0.306

0.041

0.199

0.031

0.225

0.020

 Drought-tolerant teff adoption (yes=1)

0.060

0.013

0.039

0.009

0.160

0.017

0.091

0.008

 Drought-tolerant teff area planted, adopters (tsimidi)

0.097

0.026

0.087

0.027

0.233

0.040

0.145

0.019

 Cash crop adoption (yes =1)

0.115

0.017

0.184

0.018

0.160

0.017

0.156

0.010

 Cash crop area planted, adopters (tsimidi)

0.044

0.008

0.190

0.034

0.191

0.037

0.150

0.019

 Owned land (tsimidi)

4.430

3.261

4.429

3.093

4.542

2.928

4.472

3.077

 Farm-level population pressure

2.168

0.176

1.778

0.075

2.100

0 .330

2.007

0.136

 Mean value of farm-level pop. pressure at community level

2.091

0.076

1.987

0.061

1.965

0.058

2.007

0 .037

 Distance to market (h)

1.407

0.048

1.401

0.043

1.394

0.043

1.400

0.025

 Mean rainfall of 12 years panel (cm)

47.057

0.953

45.203

0.710

44.948

0.673

45.615

0.441

 Rainfall variability (Std. Dev.) of 12-year panel (cm)

8.566

0.069

8.820

0.054

8.838

0.052

8.757

0.033

 One-year lagged positive deviation from long-term mean rainfall (cm)

0.000

-

1.287

0.110

15.890

0.650

6.457

0.323

 One-year lagged negative deviation from long-term mean rainfall (cm)

10.612

0.175

5.199

0.199

0.000

-

4.717

0.145

 Two-year lagged positive deviation from long-term mean rainfall (cm)

0.000

-

0.991

0.119

2.817

0.133

1.410

0.072

 Two-year lagged negative deviation from long-term mean rainfall (cm)

14.504

0.363

7.011

0.305

1.335

0.104

6.919

0.211

 Improved wheat

187

287

340

814

 Drought-tolerant teff

218

336

441

995

 Cash crops

31

126

141

298