Table 3 Association between Market Access and Food Variety Score (FVS) for 324 smallholder households

Distance to market, km

− 0.596*** (0.170)

− 0.782*** (0.144)

Distance to market (squared)

0.032*** (0.010)

0.040*** (0.008)

Walking time to market, hours

− 3.094*** (1.006)

− 4.167*** (0.871)

Walking time to market (squared)

0.951*** (0.363)

1.251*** (0.315)

Distance to road, km

− 0.065 (0.051)

− 0.087* (0.047)

Distance to a road (squared)

0.001 (0.001)

0.001 (0.001)

Production diversity score

0.260 (0.214)

− 0.476** (0.192)

0.263 (0.215)

− 0.474** (0.193)

0.084 (0.217)

− 0.722*** (0.194)

Farm size

0.365** (0.157)

0.299** (0.124)

0.371** (0.157)

0.300** (0.125)

0.348** (0.152)

0.263** (0.127)

Nonfarm activities—Yes=1

1.097*** (0.403)

1.159*** (0.341)

1.136*** (0.405)

1.207*** (0.342)

1.398*** (0.413)

1.570*** (0.353)

Livestock holding in TLUs

0.320*** (0.089)

0.115 (0.092)

0.326*** (0.089)

0.126 (0.093)

0.365*** (0.101)

0.180* (0.108)

Household head age

− 0.016 (0.016)

− 0.025** (0.012)

− 0.016 (0.016)

− 0.025** (0.012)

− 0.015 (0.016)

− 0.023* (0.012)

Household head education

0.134** (0.062)

0.076 (0.056)

0.131** (0.062)

0.073 (0.056)

0.111* (0.061)

0.049 (0.055)

Female-headed household—Yes=1

0.439 (0.600)

0.354 (0.483)

0.433 (0.611)

0.353 (0.495)

0.145 (0.643)

− 0.017 (0.516)

Household size

0.147 (0.110)

0.165* (0.092)

0.146 (0.110)

0.163* (0.092)

0.134 (0.110)

0.144 (0.091)

Constant

14.061*** (1.123)

13.767*** (0.957)

13.854*** (1.125)

13.523*** (0.960)

13.666*** (1.161)

13.187*** (0.983)

R-squared

0.17

0.22

0.17

0.21

0.16

0.19

Model F-statistics

5.496

7.237

5.339

6.637

5.346

5.625

Model-p value

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000