Table 7 Association between household food expenditure and market access for 324 smallholder households
| Â | (1) Model | (2) Model | (3) Model |
|---|---|---|---|
Distance to market, km | − 0.111*** (0.029) |  |  |
Distance to market (squared) | 0.006*** (0.002) | Â | Â |
Walking time to market |  | − 0.581*** (0.164) |  |
Walking time market (squared) | Â | 0.200*** (0.059) | Â |
Distance to road, km |  |  | − 0.040*** (0.008) |
Distance to a road (squared) | Â | Â | 0.001*** (0.000) |
Production diversity score | − 0.017 (0.032) | − 0.017 (0.032) | − 0.061** (0.030) |
Farm size | 0.069*** (0.024) | 0.068*** (0.025) | 0.070*** (0.021) |
Nonfarm activities—Yes = 1 | 0.140** (0.068) | 0.149** (0.067) | 0.187*** (0.061) |
Livestock holding in TLUs | 0.012 (0.012) | 0.014 (0.012) | 0.027* (0.015) |
Household head age | − 0.003 (0.002) | − 0.003 (0.002) | − 0.004* (0.002) |
Household head education | 0.015 (0.009) | 0.015 (0.009) | 0.005 (0.009) |
Female-headed household—Yes = 1 | − 0.003 (0.109) | − 0.002 (0.109) | − 0.122 (0.107) |
Household size | 0.081*** (0.020) | 0.081*** (0.020) | 0.083*** (0.017) |
Observations | 324 | 324 | 324 |
R-squared | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.28 |
Model F-stat | 7.677 | 7.327 | 11.601 |
Model-p value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |