Economics of contracts in African food systems: evidence from the malt barley sector in Ethiopia

Tefera, Delelegne A.; Bijman, Jos

doi:10.1186/s40100-021-00198-0

Agricultural and Food Economics

Table 1 Characteristics of contract and non-contract malt barley farmers

From: Economics of contracts in African food systems: evidence from the malt barley sector in Ethiopia

Variables	Description	Total sample	Contract	Non-contract	Diff.
*Socioeconomic characteristics*
Age	Household head (HH) age in years	44.32	44.55	44.16	0.39
Family size	Number of people in the household	6.35	6.21	6.45	−0.24
Family active labor	Family members 15-65 years age	3.87	3.81	3.91	-0.1
Education	HH education level in years	5.14	5.96	4.54	1.42***
Off-farm income	HH share of off-farm income (%)	4.51	3.18	5.51	−2.32*
Innovativeness	HH innovativeness in farm business^a	3.30	4.06	2.73	1.33***
Entrepreneurship	HH entrepreneurial skills^a	3.13	3.77	2.66	1.10***
Mobile ownership	HH mobile phone ownership (0-1)	0.70	0.81	0.62	0.19***
*Malt barley cultivation*
Farm size	HH landholding size in hectare	2.75	2.70	2.79	−0.09
Malt barley area	Malt barley cultivated area in hectare	0.74	0.79	0.69	0.10
Experience	Malt barley farming experience in years	20.29	20.69	20.0	0.69
Total livestock	Total livestock ownership in TLU^b	11.09	14.45	8.59	5.85
*Access to public institutions*
Savings	HH saving in last 12 months (0-1)	0.59	0.74	0.48	0.25***
Extension contact	HH access to public extension service (0-1)	0.53	0.67	0.42	0.24***
Access to credit	HH credit received from microfinance (0-1)	0.14	0.20	0.09	0.10***
Distance to market	Distance to market (km) in one way walk	7.93	5.59	9.67	−4.08***
*Access to collective institution*
Iddir membership	HH membership to Iddir in year	19.37	19.81	19.04	0.77
PO membership	HH membership to POs (0-1)	0.72	1.00	0.52	0.47***
Debo membership	HH membership to Debo in year	20.09	20.62	19.66	0.96
*Performance indicators*
Yield	Malt barley yield (quintal/hectare)	20.03	21.67	18.80	2.87***
Price	Malt barley selling price (ETB/qt)	906	1013	829	184***
Share sold	Malt barley sold to produced ratio	0.59	0.71	0.51	0.21***
Cost	Cost of malt barley production (ETB/ha)	4442	4803	3994	809***
Product quality	HH stated malt barley quality (scale 1-3)	2.39	2.80	2.08	0.71***
Net income	Malt barley net income per ha (ETB/ha)	13604	15532	10990	4542***
Other crop income	Income from other crops sale (ETB/ha)	9952	13653	7202	6452***
N		258	110	148	258

Source: Field survey, 2015; *** P < 0.01, ** P < 0.05, * P < 0.10; note: ^a = Likert scale variables with 5 scales; ^b = tropical livestock unit to describe livestock numbers of various species as a single unit

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