Table 4 Average treatment effects using PSM
From: Economics of contracts in African food systems: evidence from the malt barley sector in Ethiopia
Performance indicators | Naive t test | PSM | Critical level of hidden bias (Г) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NNM | KBM | RM | |||
Yield | 2.86 (0.8) *** | 2.40 (1.45)* | 2.38 (1.38)* | 2.76 (1.33)** | 1.4-1.5 |
Price | 184 (10)*** | 206 (22.72)*** | 198 (23)*** | 207 (22)*** | 3.0-3.1 |
Share sold | 0.21 (0.033)*** | 0.17 (0.072)** | 0.16 (0.067)** | 0.16 (0.065)** | 2.4-2.5 |
Costs | 809 (71)*** | 839 (101)*** | 845 (143)*** | 850 (135)*** | 3.0-3.1 |
Net income | 4542 (1027)*** | 3864 (2062)* | 5004 (2505)** | 4502 (2046)** | 2.8-2.9 |
Product quality | 0.71 (06)*** | 0.78 (09)*** | 0.78 (12)*** | 0.78 (11)*** | 3.0-3.1 |
Other crops income | 6452 (1615)*** | 6974 (2932)** | 7168 (2688)** | 6534 (2602)** | 1.5-1.6 |