Economics of contracts in African food systems: evidence from the malt barley sector in Ethiopia

Agricultural and Food Economics

Table 6 t tests for equality of means for each variable before and after the match

Variable	Sample	Mean		% bias	% reduction (bias)	t test p > \|t\|
Variable	Sample	Contract	Non-contract	% bias	% reduction (bias)	t test p > \|t\|
Age head	Unmatched	44.39	43.692	6.1		0.667
Age head	Matched	44.39	43.107	11.1	−83.0	0.473
Family size	Unmatched	6	6.359	−14.3		0.318
Family size	Matched	6	5.747	10.0	29.7	0.463
Working labor	Unmatched	3.59	3.837	−13.7		0.340
Working labor	Matched	3.59	3.447	8.0	42.0	0.550
Education head	Unmatched	5.79	4.837	23.9		0.057
Education head	Matched	5.79	6.117	−10.7	60.2	0.446
Farm size	Unmatched	2.64	2.859	−9.5		0.514
Farm size	Matched	2.64	2.802	−7.0	26.1	0.607
Malt barley area	Unmatched	0.75	0.735	1.9		0.898
Malt barley area	Matched	0.75	0.648	15.1	−711.3	0.297
Farming experience	Unmatched	22.99	21.650	11.1		0.432
Farming experience	Matched	22.99	22.047	7.8	29.7	0.620
Total livestock	Unmatched	9.06	8.849	2.4		0.868
Total livestock	Matched	9.06	8.674	4.4	−82.9	0.768
Off-farm income	Unmatched	3.24	5.299	−21.1		0.144
Off-farm income	Matched	3.24	2.719	5.3	74.8	0.670
Distance to market	Unmatched	6.18	8.170	−67.9		0.000
Distance to market	Matched	6.18	7.145	−33.0	51.4	0.011
Mobile ownership	Unmatched	0.81	0.675	30.2		0.035
Mobile ownership	Matched	0.81	0.862	−12.8	57.7	0.323
Access to credit	Unmatched	0.17	0.094	22.6		0.105
Access to credit	Matched	0.17	0.352	−53.7	−137.6	0.006
Extension contact	Unmatched	0.61	0.427	37.8		0.008
Extension contact	Matched	0.61	0.574	7.9	79.2	0.603