Russian meat price transmission and policy interventions in 2014

Agricultural and Food Economics

Table 4 Stationarity tests for the studied time series

Product	Variable (in logarithm)	Currency	Augmented Dickey–Fuller test
			Weekly data		Monthly data
			Levels	First difference	Levels	First difference
			H₀: I(0)	H₀: I(1)°	H₀: I(0)	H₀: I(1)°
Currency	Exchange rate	RUB/USD	− 2.21	− 5.46 ***	− 1.21	− 3.59 **
Beef	Producer	RUB	− 1.34	− 7.32 ***	− 1.99	− 3.34 *
	Producer	USD	− 3.14 *	− 6.13 ***	− 1.93	− 5.2 ***
	Consumer	RUB	− 1.80	− 4.46 ***	− 2.35	− 2.65
	Consumer	USD	–	–	–	–
	Import	RUB	− 2.87	− 6.16***	− 1.71	− 4.58 ***
	Import	USD	− 2.51	− 5.83 ***	− 2.18	− 3.95 **
	Export	RUB	− 6.09 ***	− 9.54 ***	− 3.93 **	− 4.78 ***
	Export	USD	− 4.26 ***	− 9.05 ***	− 2.31	− 4.34 ***
Pork	Producer	RUB	− 2.34	− 5.39 ***	− 2.48	− 4.26 ***
	Producer	USD	− 3.37 **	− 5.34***	− 2.63	− 4.73 ***
	Consumer	RUB	− 1.45	− 4.70 ***	− 2.09	− 3.38 *
	Consumer	USD	–	–	−	–
	Import	RUB	− 2.69	− 5.96 ***	− 1.87	− 4.98 ***
	Import	USD	− 2.65	− 5.28 ***	− 2.44	− 4.85 ***
	Export	RUB	− 5.67 ***	− 8.87 ***	− 4.00 **	− 5.81 ***
	Export	USD	− 4.79 ***	− 8.68 ***	− 3.18 *	− 5.34 ***
Poultry	Producer	RUB	− 1.57	− 5.55 ***	− 2.42	− 3.72 **
	Producer	USD	− 3.37 *	− 5.35 ***	− 2.63	− 4.73 ***
	Consumer	RUB	− 2.66	− 3.46 **	− 1.88	− 4.08 ***
	Consumer	USD	–	–	–	–
	Import	RUB	− 2.62	− 6.34 ***	− 2.51	− 4.14 ***
	Import	USD	− 2.98	− 6.00 ***	− 2.89	− 4.08 ***
	Export	RUB	− 3.04	− 7.25 ***	− 2.18	− 6.17 ***
	Export	USD	− 4.87 ***	− 8.28 ***	− 4.55 ***	− 5.65 ***

° Monthly producer and trade prices are stationary according to an Augmented Dickey–Fuller test without trend, only intercept, except for the beef producer price (p value = 0.12). No significant trend found for first differences
Stationarity decision based on 5% significance level. Significance codes: ‘***’p ≤ 0.01, ‘**’p ≤ 0.05, ‘*’p ≤ 0.1