Nonfarm activity and market participation by farmers in Ghana

Agricultural and Food Economics

Table 2 Descriptive statistics of variables

Variable	NFE participants (n = 1,616)		NFE non-participants (n = 3,299)		Overall (n = 4,915)
Variable	Mean^a	S.D	Mean	S.D	Mean	S.D	Diff
Nonfarm engagement	–	–	–	–	0.329	0.470
Sold crop	0.603	0.489	0.615	0.487	0.611	0.488	− 0.002
Age of household head	47.98	14.05	48.12	16.31	48.08	15.61	− 0.371
Average age of household	34.16	8.783	33.45	12.14	33.68	11.17	0.451*
Sex of household head	0.827	0.378	0.808	0.394	0.814	0.389	0.026***
Years of education of head	5.607	4.454	4.005	4.217	4.526	4.360	1.100***
Area of residence	0.968	0.175	0.976	0.153	0.974	0.160	− 0.011**
Farm size in hectares	1.609	2.742	2.046	14.40	1.904	11.94	− 0.159
Price/kg	4.322	3.777	4.162	3.754	4.214	3.762	0.855***
Extension office in community	0.183	0.387	0.155	0.362	0.164	0.370	0.002
Agricultural wage	8.860	4.475	8.639	5.014	8.711	4.846	0.086
Adult equivalent scale	4.435	2.329	3.651	2.214	3.906	2.281	0.857***
Market in community	0.280	0.449	0.296	0.456	0.290	0.454	− 0.002
Navigable road to community	0.469	0.499	0.790	0.408	0.685	0.464	− 0.351***
Public transport availability	0.606	0.489	0.512	0.500	0.543	0.498	0.088***
Ownership of radio	0.621	0.485	0.633	0.482	0.629	0.483	0.007
Bank in community	0.079	0.269	0.046	0.209	0.056	0.231	0.024***
Ease of finding jobs	0.387	0.487	0.343	0.475	0.357	0.479	0.044***
People temporary leave	0.782	0.413	0.758	0.428	0.766	0.423	0.024**

^aMeans/averages for dummy variables are proportions/percentages for the ‘1’ groups for the various variables; sampling weight is used; Diff. represents the mean difference; *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01