Nonfarm activity and market participation by farmers in Ghana

Agricultural and Food Economics

Table 3 Determinants of nonfarm activity and sale of crops

Variable	NFE	Sale of crop
Variable	NFE	Participants	Non-participants
Basic household characteristics
Age of household head	− 0.003**	− 0.002	− 0.006***
Average age of household	0.005***	0.001	− 0.002
Sex of household head	− 0.017	− 0.219*	0.237***
Years of education of head	0.039***	0.004	− 0.027***
Area of residence	− 0.260**	0.321	0.200
Region (base: Upper West)
Western	− 0.211*	0.503**	0.770***
Central	0.366	5.031***	0.362
Greater Accra	0.196*	0.563***	0.386***
Volta	0.444***	0.608***	0.259**
Eastern	0.121	0.316	(0.123)
Ashanti	0.098	0.446*	0.733***
Brong Ahafo	0.053	0.599**	(0.137)
Northern	− 0.219	− 0.678**	0.420***
Upper East	0.629***	0.588**	(0.140)
Production determinants
Farm size in hectares	− 0.003*	0.122***	0.092***
Price/kg	0.005**	0.048***	0.017***
Extension office in community		0.084**	0.066
Agricultural wage	− 0.009**	− 0.006	0.011**
Ecological zone (base: Coastal)
Forest	− 0.140	0.233	0.120
Savannah	− 0.441***	0.534**	0.523***
Adult equivalent scale	0.113***	− 0.037*	− 0.069***
Other sales determinants
Market in community	− 0.039	0.118**	0.146***
Navigable road to community	1.171***	2.798***	0.826***
Public transport availability	0.464***	0.070**	0.070*
Ownership of radio	0.031	0.150*	0.159***
Bank in community	0.367***	0.112	0.031*
Ease of finding jobs in community	0.124***
People temporarily leave community	0.140***
Constant	− 0.344**	− 1.990***	− 1.321***
Observations		4915
Wald chi2		991.73***
Log Pseudo likelihood		− 5013.08
Rho		− 0.999***	− 0.811***
Wald test		26.23***