Alignment between vertical and horizontal coordination for food quality and safety in Indonesian vegetable chains

Agricultural and Food Economics

Table 4 Overview of VC mechanisms and POs in the five value chain cases

Items	Variables	Case A	Case B	Case C	Case D	Case E
Items	Variables	Spot market		Hybrid		Case E
Vertical coordination mechanisms	Quality arrangements	No specific quality arrangements	Intrinsic quality arrangements	Intrinsic quality arrangements	Intrinsic and extrinsic quality arrangements	Intrinsic and extrinsic quality arrangements
	Quality monitoring	No monitoring	Monitoring by buyer	Monitoring by buyer	Monitoring by buyer and third party	Monitoring by buyer and third party
	Resource allocations	No resource allocation	No resource allocation	No resource allocation	No resource allocation	Buyer provides technical assistance, knowledge and support for organic certification
PO	Services	No PO involved in the contract	No PO involved in the contract	PO shares knowledge and provides training	PO provides inputs, knowledge, training and support for organic certification	No PO involved in the contract
Quality and safety performance	Quality	No quality standards	Food quality	Food quality	Food quality and safety	Food quality and safety