Table 2 Variables and statistical descriptions

Dependent variables

Farm income

Gross margin of farm production in Ghana Cedis (1000 GHS)

rCSI

Reduced Coping strategy index

HDD

Household dietary diversity

Control variables

Age

Age of household head (HH) in years

Gender

1 if HH is male and 0 otherwise

Education

Number of years of education

Marital status

1 if HH is married and 0 otherwise

Household size

Number of people in a household

Farm size

Hectares of land that household cultivated

Off-farm income

Income acquired from off-farm work in Ghana Cedis (100 GHS)

Africa RISING member

1 if member in AfricaRISING farmer group and 0 otherwise

Extension

1 if a farmer receives advice from an extension officer and 0 otherwise

Extension satisfaction

1 if household is satisfied with the extension agent and 0 otherwise

Number of crops

Number of crops cultivated in the cropping season

Drought and floods

1 if household experienced drought in the previous season and 0 otherwise

Market access

1 if farmer has access to market and 0 otherwise

Sandy soil

1 if farmer perceives soil as sandy and 0 otherwise

Clay soil

1 if farmer perceives soil as clay and 0 otherwise

Flat slope

1 if farmer perceives plots as having a flat slope and 0 otherwise

Moderate to steep

1 if farmer perceives plot as having a moderate slope and 0 otherwise

Northern

1 if household is in the Northern region and 0 otherwise

Upper east

1 if household is in the Upper East region and 0 otherwise

Upper west

1 if household is in the Upper West region and 0 otherwise

Instrumental variables

Distance to weekly market

Minutes

Minutes 30 to plot

1 if the distance between plot and homestead is within 30 min and 0 otherwise