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Table 3 MNL estimates of SAP adoption

From: Effects of sustainable agricultural practices on farm income and food security in northern Ghana

Variables

I0F1S0

I0F0S1

I1F1S0

I0F1S1

I1F1S1

Age

0.004 (0.009)

0.012 (0.010)

0.011 (0.015)

0.010 (0.009)

0.005 (0.011)

Gender

0.174* (0.358)

0.601 (0.361)

 − 0.541** (0.507)

0.804*** (0.338)

0.422 (0.456)

Education

0.239 (0.138)

0.127 (0.141)

0.567** (0.210)

0.153 (0.130)

0.200 (0.172)

Marital status

 − 0.543 (0.454)

 − 1.258*** (0.428)

 − 0.722 (0.647)

 − 0.661 (0.422)

 − 0.705 (0.567)

Household size

 − 0.019* (0.334)

0.323 (0.338)

0.227 (0.479)

0.381 (0.309)

0.919** (0.402)

Farm size

0.896 (0.391)

0.365 (0.407)

0.822 (0.505)

0.662 (0.374)

0.786 (0.460)

Off-farm income

0.101 (0.057)

0.053** (0.058)

0.057 (0.089)

0.143* (0.055)

0.240** (0.074)

Africa RISING member

0.816* (0.300)

0.748** (0.308)

0.656 (0.459)

1.443*** (0.284)

1.363 (0.400)

Extension

0.868* (0.289)

0.075*** (0.292)

1.057 (0.462)

0.664 (0.268)

1.237** (0.367)

Extension satisfaction

0.033 (0.299)

 − 0.025 (0.299)

0.433 (0.442)

0.185 (0.282)

0.749*** (0.357)

Number of crops

 − 0.488*** (0.461)

0.337 (0.454)

 − 0.024 (0.732)

0.834*** (0.422)

1.576*** (0.564)

Drought and floods

0.326 (0.289)

0.078 (0.286)

0.933 (0.475)

0.368 (0.261)

0.247 (0.373)

Market access

0.661** (0.308)

 − 0.244*** (0.292)

0.217 (0.480)

0.424 (0.274)

0.455 (0.378)

Sandy soil

0.206** (0.614)

1.082 (0.583)

0.158 (0.905)

1.191*** (0.572)

0.715 (0.659)

Clay soil

0.623 (0.415)

0.524 (0.408)

0.951 (0.542)

0.569 (0.389)

1.298*** (0.442)

Flat slope

0.159** (0.540)

 − 0.441 (0.490)

 − 0.629 (0.840)

 − 0.711** (0.454)

 − 0.599 (0.621)

Moderate to steep

 − 0.989* (0.729)

0.009 (0.637)

 − 0.451 (1.280)

 − 0.034 (0.604)

0.090 (0.707)

Northern

0.124*** (0.382)

0.572 (0.360)

 − 0.691*** (0.558)

1.235*** (0.345)

0.584 (0.447)

Upper East

0.805** (0.470)

1.494 (0.466)

 − 0.647** (0.941)

1.722*** (0.431)

1.134 (0.590)

Distance to weekly market

0.149*** (0.143)

 − 0.183* (0.140)

 − 0.028 (0.195)

 − 0.093 (0.132)

 − 0.236** (0.152)

Minutes 30 to plot

0.146*** (0.268)

 − 0.299 (0.267)

0.177 (0.451)

 − 0.374** (0.247)

 − 0.414 (0.320)

Constant

 − 1.970 (1.234)

 − 0.625 (1.207)

 − 3.274* (1.812)

 − 3.359*** (1.147)

 − 7.725*** (1.435)

  1. Robust standard errors in parentheses; ***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1; Upper West is used as the reference region
  2. We checked the Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives (IIA) assumption using the Stata command "mlogtest, iia” after estimating the MNL model. The results show that adding or deleting alternative outcome categories does not affect the odds among the remaining outcomes, confirming the validity of our MNL model estimates