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Table 4 Treatment effects of SAP adoption on farm income and food security

From: Effects of sustainable agricultural practices on farm income and food security in northern Ghana

Outcome variables

SAP categories

Adopting (1)

Non-adopting (2)

ATT (3) = (1)–(2)

Farm income (ln)

I0F1S0

4.015 (0.119)

4.760 (0.167)

 − 0.744 (0.163)***

I0F0S1

4.672 (0.124)

4.611 (0.228)

0.613 (0.215)

I1F1S0

4.593 (0.531)

5.505 (0.367)

 − 0.912 (0.504)*

I0F1S1

4.733 (0.062)

4.216 (0.114)

0.517 (0.108)***

I1F1S1

4.522 (0.227)

3.698 (0.351)

0.824 (0.386)**

rCSI

I0F1S0

3.247(0.242)

5.604 (0.536)

 − 2.357 (0.533)***

I0F0S1

8.984 (0.468)

9.331 (1.097)

 − 0.346 (0.973)

I1F1S0

6.086 (2.267)

4.184 (1.301)

1.901 (2.632)

I0F1S1

5.247 (0.121)

6.859 (0.434)

 − 1.596 (0.389)***

I1F1S1

4.217 (0.575)

8.891 (1.786)

 − 4.674 (1.543)***

HDD

I0F1S0

8.381 (0.065)

7.870 (0.086)

0.512 (0.109)***

I0F0S1

6.787 (0.087)

7.466 (0.113)

 − 0.678 (0.121)***

I1F1S0

8.200 (0.284)

7.893 (0.211)

0.307 (0.316)

I0F1S1

7.885 (0.035)

7.477 (0.062)

0.408 (0.074)***

I1F1S1

7.804 (0.130)

6.871 (0.231)

0.933 (0.219)***

  1. ***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1