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Agricultural and Food Economics

Table 3 The yearly trends in food consumption per person between generations and foods

From: Distinguishing inter- and pangenerational food trends

Food

Trends in food consumption \({\widehat{\beta }}_{i,j}\)

\({\widehat{\beta }}_{i}\)

\(j=3\)

[1926–1935]

\(j=4\)

[1936–1945]

\(j=5\)

[1946–1955]

\(j=6\)

[1956–1965]

\(j=7\)

[1966–1975]

\(j=8\)

[1976–1985]

Households with children

Mixed households

All

Trend type

Meat

          

Beef

−  27 (2)***

− 12 (2)***

− 1 (2)

2 (1)

5 (2)**

5 (3)

− 7 (1)***

− 11 (1)***

− 7 (0)***

Inter

Ham and bacon

2 (2)

1 (1)

3 (1)**

4 (1)***

4 (1)***

0 (2)

− 1 (0)**

− 2 (1)***

− 1 (0)**

 

Horse meat

− 1 (0)*

− 1 (0)***

− 1 (0)**

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0).

− 1 (0)***

− 1 (0)***

− 1 (0)***

 

Pork

− 14 (3)***

− 6 (2)**

0 (2)

0 (1)

5 (2)*

3 (3)

− 9 (1)***

− 5 (1)***

− 6 (0)***

Inter

Poultry

− 4 (3)

− 1 (2)

4 (2).

5 (2)**

8 (2)***

− 5 (5)

7 (1)***

6 (1)***

5 (1)***

 

Sausages

− 17 (3)***

− 4 (2)*

1 (2)

7 (2)***

3 (2)

0 (5)

− 8 (1)***

− 10 (1)***

− 8 (0)***

Inter

Sheep meat and goat meat

− 2 (1)**

− 1 (1)*

1 (1)*

1 (0)*

1 (0)**

1 (1)

− 1 (0)***

− 1 (0)*

0 (0)**

Inter

Veal

− 5 (1)**

− 3 (1)**

1 (1)

1 (1)*

0 (0)

− 2 (1).

− 1 (0)***

− 4 (0)***

− 2 (0)***

Inter

Wild and rabbit meat

− 5 (1)***

− 2 (0)***

− 1 (0)*

1 (0).

0 (0)

0 (0)

− 2 (0)***

− 2 (0)***

− 2 (0)***

Inter

Canned meata

 

1 (1).

0 (1)

1 (1)

1 (1)

− 1 (1)

0 (0)**

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

Other meat

− 16 (2)***

− 10 (1)***

− 7 (1)***

− 6 (1)***

− 7 (2)***

6 (3)*

− 9 (1)***

− 8 (1)***

− 8 (0)***

Inter

Fish

          

Fish

− 4 (2)*

− 2 (1).

0 (1)

2 (1)*

5 (1)***

3 (2)

− 2 (0)***

− 1 (1)

− 1 (0)***

Inter

Seafooda

 

1 (1)

0 (1)

2 (1)**

1 (1)

0 (1)

− 1 (0)**

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

Fish and seafood prepared

5 (1)***

3 (1)***

4 (1)***

3 (0)***

2 (0)***

3 (2).

4 (0)***

4 (0)***

4 (0)***

Pan

Dairy, margarine and egg

          

Milk

− 259 (22)***

− 112 (13)***

− 81 (11)***

− 110 (8)***

− 89 (11)***

− 49 (28).

− 242 (5)***

− 188 (6)***

− 190 (3)***

Pan

Cream

− 24 (2)***

− 17 (1)***

− 13 (1)***

− 11 (1)***

− 2 (2)

− 1 (3)

− 11 (0)***

− 15 (1)***

− 13 (0)***

 

Yoghurt

− 43 (4)***

− 38 (3)***

− 36 (4)***

− 43 (3)***

− 34 (5)***

− 5 (10)

− 28 (1)***

− 31 (2)***

− 30 (1)***

 

Butter

− 14 (1)***

− 12 (1)***

− 8 (1)***

− 7 (0)***

− 6 (1)***

0 (2)

− 10 (0)***

− 13 (0)***

− 11 (0)***

 

Cheese and curd

42 (6)***

54 (5)***

64 (4)***

58 (4)***

68 (5)***

36 (11)**

37 (2)***

47 (2)***

48 (1)***

Pan

Margarine

− 9 (1)***

− 6 (0)***

− 4 (0)***

− 5 (0)***

− 4 (0)***

− 3 (1)***

− 6 (0)***

− 6 (0)***

− 6 (0)***

Pan

Egg

 

9 (2)***

7 (2)***

6 (2)**

3 (1).

 

1 (1)

2 (1)*

2 (0)***

Pan

Vegetables, mushrooms, roots

          

Beans and peas

13 (3)***

23 (3)***

35 (2)***

34 (2)***

36 (3)***

41 (8)***

26 (1)***

30 (2)***

28 (1)***

Pan

Cabbage vegetables

 

14 (4)**

20 (4)***

29 (4)***

32 (4)***

20 (5)***

13 (1)***

20 (2)***

19 (1)***

Pan

Leafy vegetables

− 43 (3)***

− 33 (2)***

− 21 (2)***

− 19 (1)***

− 13 (2)***

− 12 (5)*

− 27 (1)***

− 32 (1)***

− 28 (0)***

Pan

Mushrooms fresh

− 1 (0)**

− 1 (0)*

− 1 (0)***

− 1 (0)**

0 (0)

2 (1).

− 1 (0)***

− 1 (0)***

− 1 (0)***

Inter

Onions and garlic

47 (5)***

42 (3)***

47 (3)***

45 (3)***

43 (3)***

34 (7)***

30 (1)***

36 (2)***

36 (1)***

Pan

Potatoes

− 127 (27)***

− 80 (13)***

− 46 (6)***

− 15 (7)*

− 10 (5)*

− 13 (8)

− 36 (3)***

− 42 (5)***

− 44 (2)***

 

Root vegetables

− 36 (3)***

− 29 (2)***

− 24 (2)***

− 16 (1)***

− 11 (1)***

− 17 (4)***

− 24 (1)***

− 24 (1)***

− 23 (0)***

Pan

Stem and fruit vegetablesa

 

− 25 (2)***

− 11 (2)***

− 7 (2)***

2 (2)

 

− 14 (1)***

− 15 (1)***

− 14 (1)***

 

Tomatoes

− 31 (4)***

− 18 (3)***

− 17 (2)***

− 18 (1)***

− 12 (1)***

− 21 (5)***

− 14 (1)***

− 18 (1)***

− 17 (0)***

Pan

Canned vegetables and mushroomsa

 

80 (9)***

51 (7)***

40 (7)***

24 (6)***

6 (7)

27 (3)***

36 (4)***

35 (2)***

 

Dried vegetables and mushrooms

20 (2)***

23 (2)***

21 (1)***

27 (2)***

17 (2)***

15 (4)**

18 (1)***

22 (1)***

21 (0)***

Pan

Fruits

          

Apples

− 90 (10)***

− 50 (4)***

− 29 (3)***

− 29 (2)***

− 29 (3)***

− 21 (6)***

− 41 (1)***

− 46 (2)***

− 47 (1)***

Pan

Bananas

26 (7)***

29 (4)***

23 (4)***

13 (3)***

13 (3)***

9 (11)

5 (1)***

8 (2)***

11 (1)***

 

Berries

12 (4)**

6 (2)**

12 (2)***

7 (1)***

9 (2)***

8 (4)*

0 (1)

1 (1)

3 (0)***

Pan

Citrus (except lemons)

− 52 (7)***

− 17 (5)**

− 10 (4)*

− 6 (3)*

1 (4)

20 (9)*

− 12 (1)***

− 17 (2)***

− 15 (1)***

Inter

Grapes

− 4 (5)

− 3 (3)

0 (2)

10 (2)***

10 (3)***

4 (7)

3 (1)**

2 (1)

2 (1)**

 

Lemons

60 (8)***

55 (5)***

57 (5)***

49 (4)***

35 (5)***

25 (9)**

23 (1)***

38 (2)***

37 (1)***

Pan

Nutsa

 

− 4 (2)**

1 (2)

− 3 (2)*

− 3 (1)*

− 1 (2)

− 4 (0)***

− 1 (1)*

− 2 (0)***

 

Pears and quinces

30 (7)***

43 (5)***

39 (4)***

30 (3)***

31 (3)***

13 (6)*

14 (1)***

26 (2)***

25 (1)***

Pan

Stone fruits

− 22 (6)***

− 7 (4).

− 8 (3)**

− 5 (2)*

2 (2)

− 12 (13)

− 8 (1)***

− 17 (2)***

− 12 (1)***

 

Dried fruitsa

 

− 2 (1)

− 1 (1)

− 1 (1)

3 (1)***

0 (1)

2 (0)***

1 (0)*

1 (0)***

 

Other fruits

− 2 (4)

4 (3)

9 (3)***

7 (2)**

16 (4)***

29 (9)**

− 5 (1)***

6 (2)***

4 (1)***

 

Cereal products

          

Bread

− 56 (7)***

− 20 (5)***

− 1 (4)

− 3 (3)

− 5 (5)

− 8 (11)

− 34 (2)***

− 37 (2)***

− 29 (1)***

 

Flours

1 (6)

6 (4)

6 (2)**

5 (2)*

3 (2).

17 (12)

− 4 (1)***

− 3 (1)**

− 2 (1)**

 

Pasta

− 1 (3)

4 (3).

7 (2)**

11 (2)***

8 (3)**

− 8 (8)

12 (1)***

9 (1)***

9 (1)***

 

Rice

− 3 (2)

− 5 (2)**

− 1 (1)

2 (1)

− 5 (1)***

5 (5)

2 (1)

1 (1)

0 (0)

 

Coffee, tea and sweets

          

Cocoa and chocolatea

 

14 (4)***

25 (3)***

20 (3)***

17 (3)***

 

16 (2)***

24 (2)***

21 (1)***

Pan

Coffee and substitutes

− 26 (3)***

− 21 (2)***

− 17 (2)***

− 9 (1)***

− 6 (1)***

0 (3)

− 7 (0)***

− 12 (1)***

− 11 (0)***

 

Honey

− 8 (3)**

− 1 (2)

3 (1)*

5 (1)***

7 (2)***

24 (4)***

− 1 (0)**

1 (1)

1 (0)

Inter

Jam

2 (1)*

2 (1)*

− 1 (0).

1 (0)**

0 (1)

− 6 (2)**

1 (0)***

1 (0)**

1 (0)***

Inter

Sugar

− 25 (5)***

− 9 (2)***

0 (1)

− 2 (1)

− 1 (1)

− 3 (3)

− 11 (1)***

− 18 (1)***

− 14 (1)***

 

Tea and herbs

0 (1)

− 1 (0)**

− 1 (0)*

− 1 (0)***

− 2 (0)***

− 5 (1)***

0 (0)

0 (0).

− 1 (0)***

 

Liquids

          

Beer

− 41 (11)***

− 49 (12)***

− 47 (12)***

14 (9)

50 (14)***

42 (23).

− 3 (3)

14 (6)*

5 (3).

Inter

Mineral watera

 

− 267 (28)***

− 176 (35)***

− 59 (41)

− 57 (36)

− 48 (60)

− 19 (13)

− 132 (19)***

− 90 (9)***

 

Non-alcoholic drinks

− 236 (49)***

− 147 (32)***

− 111 (28)***

− 106 (26)***

− 81 (47).

− 35 (66)

− 172 (10)***

− 156 (17)***

− 130 (8)***

 

Olive oil

11 (2)***

6 (1)***

7 (1)***

8 (1)***

3 (1)***

11 (6).

7 (0)***

8 (1)***

7 (0)***

Pan

Spirits and liqueurs

16 (5)**

11 (3)***

11 (3)***

5 (2)***

4 (1)**

− 2 (2)

2 (0)***

3 (1)***

5 (0)***

 

Wines

− 32 (19).

− 24 (14).

9 (15)

38 (9)***

89 (16)***

− 9 (17)

− 14 (3)***

3 (6)

5 (3).

Inter

Oils and fats (except olive oil)

− 14 (3)***

0 (2)

5 (2)**

6 (1)***

9 (2)***

8 (3)*

− 5 (1)***

− 3 (1)**

− 2 (0)***

Inter

  1. Significance codes: ‘***’ = p ≤ 0.001; ‘**’ = p ≤ 0.01; ‘*’ = p ≤ 0.05; ‘.’ = p ≤ 0.1. Values in round brackets are standard errors. Values in square brackets are years of birth. All estimations are done in grams, except ‘Liquids’ and ‘Milk’, which are measured in millilitres. The empty cells in trend type mean a weakly pangenerational trend.
  2. aDenotes the foods that had no data in 1990
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