What sets cooperative farmers apart from non-cooperative farmers? A transaction cost economics analysis of coffee farmers in Mexico

Agricultural and Food Economics

Table 2 Descriptive statistics

Variables	Mean	Std. dev.	Min	Max
Coffee cooperative membership/affiliation	0.468	0.501	0.000	1.000
Shade-grown coffee	0.347	0.473	0.000	1.000
Income from coffee	92.000	16.526	20.000	100.000
No off-farm income	0.513	0.501	0.000	1.000
Coffee farming experience	33.890	19.169	2.000	80.000
Low-level market competition	1.305	0.744	0.000	4.000
Farmland size	3.028	2.746	0.188	13.000
Farmland size squared	16.662	31.609	0.035	169.000
Altitude	1,090.494	178.251	540.000	1,354.000
Education level	5.738	0.834	3.800	8.400
Private land	0.649	0.479	0.000	1.000

Coffee cooperative membership/affiliation is a variable equal to 1 for cooperative farmers and 0 for non-cooperative farmers. Shade-grown coffee = 1 for farmers with shade-grown coffee plantations, 0 otherwise. Income from coffee is the percentage of income that farmers obtain from coffee relative to total farm income. No off-farm income is equal to 1 for coffee farmers whose income depends exclusively on the coffee farm plantation and 0 if they receive income from off-farm sources. Coffee farming experience is the number of years farmers have been producing coffee. Low-level market competition is the number of buyers known by the farmer multiplied by minus one. Farmland size is the total number of hectares on the plantation. The altitude of locations where the coffee bean is produced is measured in meters above the sea level at the municipality level (INEGI 2019). Similarly, education level is the average years of schooling in those communities where the surveyed coffee farmers live (INEGI 2019). Private land is equal to 1 if the farmer reported farming in a private land and 0 if the land ownership type was ejidal