From: Nonfarm activity and market participation by farmers in Ghana
Variable | NFE participants (n = 1,616) | NFE non-participants (n = 3,299) | Overall (n = 4,915) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meana | S.D | Mean | S.D | Mean | S.D | Diff | |
Nonfarm engagement | – | – | – | – | 0.329 | 0.470 | |
Sold crop | 0.603 | 0.489 | 0.615 | 0.487 | 0.611 | 0.488 | − 0.002 |
Age of household head | 47.98 | 14.05 | 48.12 | 16.31 | 48.08 | 15.61 | − 0.371 |
Average age of household | 34.16 | 8.783 | 33.45 | 12.14 | 33.68 | 11.17 | 0.451* |
Sex of household head | 0.827 | 0.378 | 0.808 | 0.394 | 0.814 | 0.389 | 0.026*** |
Years of education of head | 5.607 | 4.454 | 4.005 | 4.217 | 4.526 | 4.360 | 1.100*** |
Area of residence | 0.968 | 0.175 | 0.976 | 0.153 | 0.974 | 0.160 | − 0.011** |
Farm size in hectares | 1.609 | 2.742 | 2.046 | 14.40 | 1.904 | 11.94 | − 0.159 |
Price/kg | 4.322 | 3.777 | 4.162 | 3.754 | 4.214 | 3.762 | 0.855*** |
Extension office in community | 0.183 | 0.387 | 0.155 | 0.362 | 0.164 | 0.370 | 0.002 |
Agricultural wage | 8.860 | 4.475 | 8.639 | 5.014 | 8.711 | 4.846 | 0.086 |
Adult equivalent scale | 4.435 | 2.329 | 3.651 | 2.214 | 3.906 | 2.281 | 0.857*** |
Market in community | 0.280 | 0.449 | 0.296 | 0.456 | 0.290 | 0.454 | − 0.002 |
Navigable road to community | 0.469 | 0.499 | 0.790 | 0.408 | 0.685 | 0.464 | − 0.351*** |
Public transport availability | 0.606 | 0.489 | 0.512 | 0.500 | 0.543 | 0.498 | 0.088*** |
Ownership of radio | 0.621 | 0.485 | 0.633 | 0.482 | 0.629 | 0.483 | 0.007 |
Bank in community | 0.079 | 0.269 | 0.046 | 0.209 | 0.056 | 0.231 | 0.024*** |
Ease of finding jobs | 0.387 | 0.487 | 0.343 | 0.475 | 0.357 | 0.479 | 0.044*** |
People temporary leave | 0.782 | 0.413 | 0.758 | 0.428 | 0.766 | 0.423 | 0.024** |