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Table 7 Total per-capita embodied deforestation (m2) and CO2 emissions (kg) for the concession-level (2004–2016), the historical and the rapid approaches (2000–2020)

From: Food, biofuels or cosmetics? Land-use, deforestation and CO2 emissions embodied in the palm oil consumption of four European countries: a biophysical accounting approach

Approach/country

Italy

France

Germany

Spain

Per capita embodied deforestation (m2)

Concession-level

1.1

0.6

1.1

1.2

Historical

55.4

24.6

34.4

78.1

Rapid-conversion

11.3

5.0

7.0

16.0

Per capita embodied CO2 emissions (kg)

Concession-level

6.4

3.3

6.5

6.8

Historical

315.5

140.0

195.9

445.0

Rapid-conversion

64.7

28.7

40.2

91.2