What enhances dairy system resilience? Empirical cases in Finland and Russia

Agricultural and Food Economics

Table 2 The hypothetical determinants of resilience on the dairy farms studied (number of farms)

Hypothetically important factor	Determinant	Feature	Leningrad Oblast (n = 9)	Finland (n = 13)
Ownership	Ownership	Independent	1	10
		Cooperative, limited company	2	3
		Agroholdings	6
Nutrient and energy economy	Plant nutrient source	Synthetic and organic fertilisers	9	8
Nutrient and energy economy	Plant nutrient source	Organic fertilisers		5
Functional diversity in business	Line of production in addition to dairy production	Meat production (raising calves)	6	4
		Live animals (calves, breeding animals)	7	8
		Cash crops	6	3
		Direct selling of raw milk	1	2
		Milk processing	1	2
		Contracting	1	1
	Marketing channels of raw milk	One	3	8
	Marketing channels of raw milk	Several	6	5
Social networking	Level of cooperation	None–Very little	6	3
Social networking	Level of cooperation	Some–High	3	10

Regarding the farms that had stopped milk production at the time of the interview, the information concerns the period when the farm produced milk