Measures | Item wording, and origin | Response scale |
---|---|---|
Purchasing frequency | ||
Fish/Salmon/Seabass/Seabream | Please indicate how often you purchase the following fish and fish species (fresh, frozen, canned, smoked, ready to eat, etc.; this includes at home): (before the Covid-19 emergency) | 7-point scale, ranging from “Never” (0) to “Almost every day” (6) |
Beliefs concerning wild fish | ||
To what extent do you disagree/agree with the following statements? | 7-point scale, ranging from “Totally disagree” (1) to “Totally agree” (7) | |
Safety | ||
Safety | Wild fish are safer than farmed fish | |
Marine pollution | Wild fish are affected more by marine pollution than farmed fish (R) | |
Antibiotics | Wild fish contain more antibiotics than farmed fish (R) | |
Heavy metals | Wild fish contain more heavy metals than farmed fish (R) | |
Parasites | Wild fish are affected more by parasites than farmed fish | |
Healthy animal diet | Wild fish have a healthier diet than farmed fish | |
Healthiness | Wild fish are healthier than farmed fish | |
Quality | ||
Quality | Wild fish are of better quality than farmed fish | |
Freshness | Wild fish are fresher than farmed fish | |
Nutritional values | Wild fish are more nutritious than farmed fish | |
Fat | Wild fish are more fatty than farmed fish | |
Flavor | Wild fish taste better than farmed fish | |
Firmness | Wild fish are firmer than farmed fish | |
Control | ||
Control | Wild fish are more controlled than farmed fish | |
Handling | Wild fish are handled more than farmed fish (R) | |
Artificiality | Wild fish are more artificial than farmed fish (R) | |
Guarantee | Wild fish provide more guarantees than farmed fish | |
Moment of purchase | ||
Availability of wild fish | Wild fish are easier to find than farmed fish | |
Price | Wild fish are cheaper than farmed fish | |
Affordability of farmed fish | Fish farming provides a consistent, affordable product (R) | |
Availability of farmed fish | Farm raised fish provide a healthy food for people who cannot afford wild fish | |
Subjective knowledge | (Claret et al. 2014; Perez Cueto Eulert et al. 2011; Verbeke et al. 2007a, b, c) | |
To what extent do you disagree/agree with the following statements? | 7-point scale, ranging from “Totally disagree” (1) to “Totally agree” (7) | |
I feel I know more about fish in general than the average person | ||
I feel I know more about fish in general than my friends | ||
I have a great deal of knowledge about how to purchase fish | ||
I have a great deal of knowledge about how to evaluate the quality of wild and farmed fish | ||
Objective knowledge | ||
Please answer the following statements to the best of your ability | 5-point scale, ranging from “False” (1) to “True” (5) | |
Healthiness and quality | The Omega-3 content is higher in wild fish (F) | |
Wild fish tend to accumulate more fat than farmed fish (T) | ||
Wild fish have a more constant nutritional composition than farmed fish (F) | ||
Safety and quality | The risk of the presence of microplastics is lower in farmed fish than in wild fish (T) | |
Farmed fish grow faster thanks to the use of antibiotics and hormones (F) | ||
Wild fish are always safer than farmed fish because they do not contain any harmful substances for human health (F) | ||
Animal welfare | Farmed fish are treated in an unethical way in the near-death phases of their lives, and they suffer more than wild fish (F) | |
Farms are unhealthy places for fish because most of them become sick (F) | ||
The living conditions of farmed fish have been improved thanks to the use of technological innovations (T) | ||
Attitudes toward eating fish | (Adapted from Perez Cueto Eulert et al. 2011; Verbeke et al. 2007a, b, c) | |
“Eating wild fish is…” / “Eating farmed fish is…” | 7-point semantic differential scale | |
Unhealthy-Healthy | ||
Not nutritious-Nutritious | ||
Unfavorable-Favorable | ||
Unethical-Ethical | ||
Unsafe-Safe | ||
Expensive-Cheap | ||
Purchase intentions | ||
Please indicate your intention to purchase farmed/wild fish | 7-point scale, ranging from “Totally disagree” (1) to “Totally agree” (7) | |
I am planning to purchase farmed fish in the near future | ||
I am expecting to purchase farmed fish in the near future | ||
I will try to purchase farmed fish in the near future |