Table 4 Average covariate values for organic and conventional farms in the RECAN for the year 2020 (“average” season)
From: Conventional versus organic olive farming: which has a better economic performance?
Covariates | Organic farms (n = 130) | Conventional farms (n = 246) | Organic-conventional difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Mean | Difference | t/χ2 statistic | |
Olive grower’s characteristics | ||||
Age (years) | 60.0 | 61.7 | − 1.74 | 1.37 |
Gender (1 = female, 0 = male) | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 9.05** |
Education (1 = academic, 0 = experience) | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
Full-time farmer (1 = yes, 0 = no) | 0.27 | 0.48 | − 0.21 | 15.6*** |
Farm characteristics | ||||
Ownership type (1 = family, 0 = corporate) | 0.85 | 0.90 | − 0.04 | 1.63 |
Location (1 = Andalusia, 0 = rest of Spain) | 0.88 | 0.83 | 0.05 | 1.72 |
Location in areas of natural constraints (1 = yes, 0 = no) | 0.85 | 0.67 | 0.18 | 13.9*** |
Location altitude < 300m (1 = yes, 0 = no) | 0.21 | 0.41 | − 0.20 | 15.0*** |
Location altitude 300-600m (1 = yes, 0 = no) | 0.70 | 0.32 | 0.38 | 50.4*** |
Product certification (1 = yes, 0 = no) | 0.05 | 0.10 | − 0.05 | 3.06 |
Utilized Agricultural Area, UAA (ha) | 41.7 | 46.3 | − 4.56 | 0.53 |
Irrigation area (%/UAA) | 13.1 | 40.9 | − 27.8 | 6.93*** |
Farm resources | ||||
Land value (€/ha) | 9337 | 12,443 | − 3105 | 2.97** |
Family labor input (%/total labor) | 55.8 | 59.5 | − 3.66 | 1.15 |
Production intensity (€/ha) | 482 | 641 | − 159 | 4.77*** |
Characteristics of the region | ||||
GDP per capita (€) | 18,293 | 18,622 | − 329 | 1.31 |
Total organic area (%/regional UAA) | 21.7 | 21.0 | 0.68 | − 1.21 |
Olive organic area (%/regional olive UAA) | 8.94 | 9.65 | − 0.72 | 0.64 |