Table 9 Average values of selected covariates for the organic and conventional farms sampled by the RECAN for the year 2018 (“good” season)

Olive grower’s characteristics

Age (years)

57.9

61.7

− 3.81

2.90^**

Gender (1 = female, 0 = male)

0.32

0.15

0.17

13.1^***

Education (1 = academic, 0 = experience)

0.23

0.18

0.05

1.36

Full-time farmer (1 = yes, 0 = no)

0.52

0.50

0.02

0.14

Farm characteristics

Ownership type (1 = family, 0 = corporate)

0.83

0.88

− 0.04

1.20

Location (1 = Andalusia, 0 = rest of Spain)

0.88

0.83

0.04

1.04

Location in areas of natural constraints (1 = yes, 0 = no)

0.84

0.71

0.13

6.84^**

Location altitude < 300m (1 = yes, 0 = no)

0.18

0.36

− 0.18

11.5^***

Location altitude 300-600m (1 = yes, 0 = no)

0.73

0.37

0.36

38.7

Product certification (1 = yes, 0 = no)

0.04

0.11

− 0.08

5.77

Utilized Agricultural Area, UAA (ha)

35.2

50.8

− 15.6

2.12

Irrigation area (%/UAA)

12.0

37.0

− 25.0

6.03

Farm resources

Land value (€/ha)

8,578

12,780

− 4,202

3.60

Family labor input (%/total labor)

61.4

56.0

5.49

− 1.84

Production intensity (€/ha)

406

575

− 169

5.94

Characteristics of the region

GDP per capita (€)

18,281

18,446

− 165

0.62

Total organic area (%/regional UAA)

21.6

20.9

0.72

− 1.18

Olive organic area (%/regional olive UAA)

9.22

9.36

− 0.14

0.12