Table 3 Regression of diet, unhealthy food intake, and macronutrient consumption on education, meat consumption, and covariates

Meat consumption (kg/month)

0.112

− 3.070

2.587

− 0.959

− 8.158

− 6.199

3.032

1.270

(101.943)

(3.806)

(60.433)

(12.570)

(18.269)

(9.351)

(4.627)

(4.189)

Technological or professional diploma (binary)

48.213

− 7.750**

− 72.790

3.659

− 4.710

− 5.356

2.481

− 2.682

(105.642)

(3.788)

(46.734)

(13.041)

(17.401)

(10.021)

(4.353)

(4.329)

Higher diploma (binary)

− 36.099

− 3.146**

− 44.024***

− 8.994*

− 17.302***

− 9.931***

− 0.582

3.903**

(39.948)

(1.419)

(16.426)

(5.181)

(6.449)

(3.415)

(1.808)

(1.594)

TechPro*MeatCons

95.657**

2.882*

31.221

11.378*

12.418

9.701***

2.276

2.540

(42.557)

(1.578)

(23.571)

(5.934)

(7.912)

(3.635)

(1.916)

(1.772)

HigherDip*MeatCons

87.619*

4.102***

58.424***

9.728*

6.660

12.599***

3.129

3.743**

(46.234)

(1.569)

(20.463)

(5.825)

(6.645)

(4.187)

(1.934)

(1.762)

Basal metabolic rate (Kcal/day)

0.571***

(0.119)

Male (binary)

266.293***

1.919

61.714***

31.036***

26.028***

27.548***

13.387***

16.930***

(67.744)

(1.174)

(23.326)

(6.204)

(6.103)

(3.583)

(2.087)

(1.853)

Aged 45–64 (binary)

− 31.931

− 10.147***

− 123.657***

− 11.084*

− 36.538***

− 10.276***

− 2.506

1.122

(47.233)

(1.167)

(23.052)

(5.818)

(6.712)

(3.416)

(1.965)

(1.680)

Daily smoking (binary)

− 176.514***

3.068**

64.834

− 17.422***

11.819*

− 12.184***

− 4.621**

− 6.386***

(34.801)

(1.464)

(42.215)

(5.423)

(6.556)

(3.109)

(1.778)

(1.338)

Alcohol consumption index (0-to-90 score)

− 2.741*

− 0.127***

− 3.235***

− 0.525***

0.085

− 0.565***

0.052

− 0.008

(1.520)

(0.047)

(1.223)

(0.192)

(0.252)

(0.158)

(0.068)

(0.057)

Medium level of physical activity (binary)

120.764**

− 3.458***

− 22.112

3.689

− 5.492

1.637

4.351**

4.502***

(46.311)

(1.307)

(20.282)

(6.179)

(6.506)

(3.987)

(2.009)

(1.518)

High level of physical activity (binary)

254.661***

− 4.229**

36.201

9.082

9.941

12.966**

8.022***

9.573***

(65.612)

(1.778)

(39.712)

(8.916)

(10.285)

(6.166)

(2.791)

(2.254)

Medium level of sedentariness (binary)

− 57.517

2.233

36.342

2.490

11.197

1.928

− 2.640

− 1.107

(65.973)

(1.634)

(33.516)

(7.786)

(10.246)

(4.516)

(3.085)

(2.268)

High level of sedentariness (binary)

− 93.023

2.128

48.887

− 1.265

13.094

0.195

− 1.897

− 4.029

(70.400)

(1.687)

(31.634)

(8.185)

(10.066)

(4.412)

(3.398)

(2.538)

Lunch at home (binary)

− 19.073

− 1.387

75.070**

− 6.272

− 5.803

2.798

0.245

− 2.903*

(46.111)

(1.149)

(31.499)

(6.039)

(5.993)

(4.626)

(1.920)

(1.606)

Declared as vegetarian (binary)

120.713

3.245

− 20.766

1.821

− 39.772**

− 2.867

11.127***

4.894

(93.955)

(6.050)

(50.339)

(15.596)

(17.204)

(8.019)

(4.221)

(3.633)

Number of adults per household

− 8.654

− 0.700

31.722**

− 0.440

1.367

− 2.509

− 0.708

− 0.244

(23.674)

(0.716)

(14.254)

(3.290)

(4.568)

(1.801)

(1.150)

(1.019)

Number of children per household

− 4.036

− 1.228**

− 33.862***

− 0.127

2.435

− 3.743**

− 0.353

− 0.149

(23.382)

(0.579)

(9.694)

(2.279)

(3.536)

(1.455)

(0.779)

(0.821)

Season dummies

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Urbanicity levels

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Region dummies

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Black's misreporting indexes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Constant

1,160.943***

40.773***

109.093

76.451***

75.062**

101.577***

64.941***

78.395***

(261.854)

(5.070)

(124.777)

(19.205)

(28.813)

(12.167)

(7.531)

(8.771)

Observations

1,309

1,312

1,312

1,312

1,312

1,312

1,312

1,312

R-squared

0.535

0.210

0.173

0.241

0.176

0.334

0.401

0.560