Food supply chains: coordination governance and other shaping forces

Agricultural and Food Economics

Table 2 Coordination and governance in theagri-food chains

Supply chains	Focal company/institution	Kind of governance	Hardcore of the Hybrid	Relations	Vertical relations	Horizontal relations
Large retail company	Retailer	Captive	Specialization knowhow scale economies flexibility	Sequential	+++	-
Global processing company	Processing company	Captive	Specialization knowhow scale economies flexibility	Sequential	+++	-
Coop	Coop board of managers/assembly	Relational	Scale economies efficiency collective action countervailing power	Pooled	++	+++
Geographical Indication	Consortium major stakeholders policy m./local bureaucracy none	Relational	CPR territory/reputation external economies collective action	Pooled	++	+++
Short chain	Farmer	Vertical integration and modular	External economies territory market power complementarities demand-driven	Reciprocal	+	++
Retail company specialized in high quality	Retailer	Modular/relational	Specialization knowhow scale economies flexibility market power complementarities demand-driven	Sequential and reciprocal	++	+

^aThe sign “-” indicates a feature that the author poses as not relevant for the correspondent chain; while the sign “+” indicates a relevant role; “++” is very relevant; and “+++” stands for extremely relevant