Impact of off-farm activities on technical efficiency: evidence from maize producers of eastern Ethiopia

Agricultural and Food Economics

Table 2 Descriptive statistics

Variable	Pooled (n = 355)		Participants (n = 76)		Non-participants (n = 279)
Variable	Mean	Std. dev.	Mean	Std. dev.	Mean	Std. dev.
District	1.437	0.497	1.487	0.503	1.423	0.495
Off_farm	0.214	0.411	1.00	0.00	–	–
Education_HH	0.631*	0.483	0.724	0.450	0.606	0.490
Education_spouse	0.242**	0.429	0.368	0.486	0.208	0.407
Age_HH	37.930	8.804	37.579	8.341	38.025	8.938
Sex_HH	0.896*	0.306	0.829	0.379	0.914	0.281
Coop	0.217***	0.413	0.382	0.489	0.172	0.378
Land owned	2.786	2.228	2.938	1.902	2.744	2.311
Distance_mkt	34.640	21.716	33.355	20.864	34.990	21.966
Social_role	0.31	0.463	0.368	0.486	0.294	0.456
Market_info	0.487***	0.027	0.711	0.052	0.427	0.03
Livestock	3.010	1.871	2.987	2.017	3.017	1.833
Family AE	5.361	1.802	5.586	1.940	5.300	1.762
Value_yield	5467.268***	3886.116	7091.053	4380.921	5024.946	3624.290
Value_fertilizer	468.069**	434.974	590.155	524.878	434.812	401.768
Value_seed	164.193***	116.374	207.586	133.923	152.373	108.404
Value_labor	1793.965****	1091.748	2266.322	1163.708	1665.295	1036.727
Land_maize	2.066***	1.447	2.618	1.697	1.916	1.335