Impact of off-farm activities on technical efficiency: evidence from maize producers of eastern Ethiopia

Agricultural and Food Economics

Table 8 Definition of variables

Variable	Unit	Definition
District	Dummy	1 if the household is living in Girawa district; 0 otherwise.
Off_farm	Dummy	1 if the household participates in off-farm activities; 0 otherwise.
Education_HH	Dummy	1 if the household head is literate; 0 otherwise.
Education _spouse	Dummy	1 if the spouse of household head is literate; 0 otherwise.
Age_HH	Years	Number of years the household head lived
Sex_HH	Dummy	1 if the household head is male; 0 otherwise.
Coop	Dummy	1 if the household is a member of agricultural cooperatives; 0 otherwise.
Landowned	quxi	Size of land owned by the household
Distance_mkt	Minute	Distance between the nearest market
Social_role	Dummy	1 if the household head has social responsibility; 0 otherwise
Market_info	Dummy	1 if the household head has access to market information; 0 otherwise
Livestock	TLU	Size of livestock owned by the household
FamlyAE	AE	Family size measured by adult equivalent
Value_yield	Birr¹	Value of maize produced by the household
Value_fertilizer	Birr	Value of inorganic fertilizer utilized for maize production
Value_seed	Birr	Value of seed used for maize production
Value_labor	Birr	Value of hired and family labor used for maize production
Land_maize	quxi	Size of land allocated for maize production

¹Ethiopian currency; 1USD was equivalent with 21.21 ETB in the time of data collection