Welfare and food security response of animal feed and water resource scarcity in Northern Ethiopia

Agricultural and Food Economics

Table 1 Descriptive and summary statistics

Variables	N = 518
	Description	Mean	SD
Dependent variables
FE	Monetary value of food expenditure in ETB^a	13,571.4	19,717.4
PCFE	Monetary value of per capita food expenditure in ETB	2490	3722
Output	Monetary value of crop production^b in ETB	41,645	87,517
FI	Food Security Index^c	0.4826	0.5001
Independent variables
ShadowPW	Shadow price of water	147.6	204.9
ShadowPG	Shadow price of grazing	205.0	282.0
ShadowPF	Shadow price of crop residue	12.52	18.96
WaterD	Distance to animal water source in walking minute	74.85	65.54
GrazingD	Time spent looking for grazing land in walking minute	91.12	83.44
FeedD	Time to transport crop reside in walking minute	576.55	557.87
Income	Monetary value of total income^d	49,521	92,642
Family size	Household family size	5.873	2.413
Age	Household head age	56.83	15.20
Gender	1 = male	0.743	0.437
Education	1 = literate	0.326	0.469
TLU	Herd size in TLU	3.919	3.199
MarketD	Market distance in minute	82.30	54.79
Shocks (2012–2014)	Number of shocks due to theft, flood, death	0.577	0.826
Information	1 = access to TV, radio, and mobile	0.417	0.494
Location	1 = highland (> 2500 m.a.s.l.)	0.0637	0.244
Network	1 = support from relatives and friends	0.610	0.488
Religion	1 = orthodox and 0 Muslim	0.824	0.381
Ashock13	1 = face animal shock in 2013	0.0425	0.202

^aETB refers to Ethiopian currency where 1 USD≈23 ETB during the study year (2015)
^bIt includes crop, fruit, and vegetable production
^cA household is considered food secure if it attains at least two thirds of the average PCFE of all households and considered food insecure if it falls below that value
^dIt includes income from Agriculture, off-farm, business transfer, and safety net