Welfare and food security response of animal feed and water resource scarcity in Northern Ethiopia

Hadush, Muuz

doi:10.1186/s40100-018-0116-2

Agricultural and Food Economics

Table 3 IV estimation of log per capita food expenditure using walking distance

From: Welfare and food security response of animal feed and water resource scarcity in Northern Ethiopia

Variables	(OLS)	(IV)	(OLS)	(IV)	(OLS)	(IV)
Variables	lnPCFE	lnPCFE	lnPCFE	lnPCFE	lnPCFE	lnPCFE
Ln(output)	0.0940***	0.0629***	0.0909***	0.0631***	0.0986***	0.0685***
Ln(output)	(0.0121)	(0.0164)	(0.0125)	(0.0164)	(0.0122)	(0.0164)
Ln(livestock)	0.0336***	0.0287**	0.0334**	0.0298**	0.0352***	0.0305**
Ln(livestock)	(0.0129)	(0.0134)	(0.0131)	(0.0134)	(0.0130)	(0.0135)
Ln(Family size)	− 0.385***	− 0.362***	− 0.397***	− 0.374***	− 0.388***	− 0.366***
Ln(Family size)	(0.0529)	(0.0551)	(0.0535)	(0.0554)	(0.0534)	(0.0554)
Gender(1/0)	− 0.119**	− 0.136**	− 0.0993*	− 0.114*	− 0.115*	− 0.133**
Gender(1/0)	(0.0588)	(0.0608)	(0.0590)	(0.0607)	(0.0593)	(0.0613)
Information(1/0)	0.0591	0.0409	0.0454	0.0288	0.0487	0.0299
Information(1/0)	(0.0539)	(0.0558)	(0.0545)	(0.0562)	(0.0544)	(0.0563)
Location(1/0)	− 0.0411	− 0.0519	− 0.114	− 0.129	− 0.149	− 0.169
Location(1/0)	(0.140)	(0.144)	(0.140)	(0.143)	(0.141)	(0.145)
Ln(marketD)	0.00283	0.0166	0.00252	0.0165	0.00144	0.0146
Ln(marketD)	(0.0337)	(0.0350)	(0.0340)	(0.0353)	(0.0340)	(0.0353)
Ashock13(1/0)	− 0.489**	− 0.399**	− 0.550***	− 0.463**	− 0.540***	− 0.457**
Ashock13(1/0)	(0.191)	(0.199)	(0.192)	(0.200)	(0.193)	(0.200)
Ln(shocks)	0.212	0.345*	0.307	0.434**	0.267	0.401*
Ln(shocks)	(0.198)	(0.209)	(0.199)	(0.210)	(0.200)	(0.210)
Religion(1/0)	0.121*	0.146**	0.101	0.124*	0.115	0.140*
Religion(1/0)	(0.0700)	(0.0726)	(0.0705)	(0.0727)	(0.0706)	(0.0730)
Network(1/0)	− 0.0833	− 0.172***	− 0.0761	− 0.158**	− 0.0729	− 0.159**
Network(1/0)	(0.0554)	(0.0647)	(0.0559)	(0.0647)	(0.0558)	(0.0649)
Age(years)	− 0.000477	− 0.000749	− 0.000535	− 0.000786	− 0.000554	− 0.000829
Age(years)	(0.00174)	(0.00179)	(0.00175)	(0.00180)	(0.00175)	(0.00180)
Ln(income)	0.0440***	0.0565***	0.0433***	0.0552***	0.0439***	0.0562***
Ln(income)	(0.00187)	(0.00473)	(0.00189)	(0.00476)	(0.00189)	(0.00475)
Ln(WaterD)	− 0.122***	− 0.131***
Ln(WaterD)	(0.0309)	(0.0320)
Ln(GrazingD)			− 0.100***	− 0.0888**
Ln(GrazingD)			(0.0336)	(0.0347)
Ln(FeedD)					− 0.0642***	− 0.0716***
Ln(FeedD)					(0.0240)	(0.0248)
Constant	6.018***	5.970***	6.046***	5.898***	5.917***	5.880***
Constant	(0.291)	(0.300)	(0.318)	(0.330)	(0.305)	(0.319)
R-squared	0.710	0.683	0.705	0.681	0.705	0.679
First stage
Shock		− 20.132^***		− 20.122^***		− 20.140^***
Shock		(2.1697)		(2.1718)		(2.1686)
Rainfall		0.1655^**		0.1612^**		0.1657^**
Rainfall		(0.0573)		(0.0577)		(0.0572)
Observation	496	496	496	496	496	496

P values are for slopes: ***P < 0.01; **P < 0.05, and *P < 0.10 = significant at 1%, 5%, and 10% probability levels, respectively

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