The geography of agriculture participation and food security in a small and a medium-sized city in Ghana

Ayerakwa, Hayford Mensah; Dzanku, Fred Mawunyo; Sarpong, Daniel Bruce

doi:10.1186/s40100-020-00155-3

Agricultural and Food Economics

Table 2 Sample mean statistics by agricultural participation categories

From: The geography of agriculture participation and food security in a small and a medium-sized city in Ghana

Variable		Categories of engagement in agriculture
Variable	(1) Overall n = 2004	(2) No agric.(Nonp) n = 1130	(3) Urban only (Uonly) n = 417	(4) Rural only (Ronly) n = 354	(5) Urban and rural (UandR) n = 103	(6) p value
Food security score (0–27)	23.26	23.06	23.68	22.92	24.89	0.001
Food security status:
Severely insecure	0.196	0.207	0.197	0.184	0.117	0.148
Moderately insecure	0.212	0.216	0.182	0.263	0.117	0.004
Mildly insecure	0.118	0.103	0.127	0.141	0.165	0.074
Food secure	0.474	0.474	0.494	0.412	0.602	0.005
Commercial orientation^†	0.641	—	0.556	0.686	0.825	0.000
Female HH head	0.222	0.274	0.201	0.124	0.058	0.000
Age of HH head	44.61	41.52	48.59	47.83	51.23	0.000
Age of spouse	38.33	36.89	41.25	39.25	39.14	0.000
Married HH head	0.756	0.696	0.794	0.856	0.922	0.000
Years schooling: HH head	5.691	6.432	5.449	4.061	4.152	0.000
Years schooling: spouse	4.542	5.166	4.456	3.428	1.872	0.000
Years schooling: other	0.460	0.380	0.561	0.545	0.631	0.000
HH size	4.741	4.171	5.242	5.559	6.146	0.000
Under-15-year-olds	1.700	1.526	1.861	1.960	2.068	0.000
Above-64-year-olds	0.177	0.131	0.223	0.237	0.291	0.000
Working-age members	2.778	2.434	3.072	3.254	3.728	0.000
Share of dependants	0.360	0.349	0.374	0.380	0.347	0.102
Nuclear household	0.562	0.544	0.568	0.610	0.563	0.183
Receives cash transfer	0.194	0.217	0.199	0.124	0.165	0.001
Receives food transfer	0.309	0.338	0.254	0.294	0.272	0.010
Nonfarm income dummy	0.876	0.896	0.847	0.850	0.874	0.023
Nonfarm income earners	1.561	1.515	1.614	1.619	1.650	0.142
Livestock producer	0.289		0.635	0.644	0.835	0.000
Monthly pc income (US$)	80.41	86.17	77.92	65.85	77.28	0.024
Own house	0.312	0.275	0.393	0.308	0.398	0.000
Chronically sick HH head	0.158	0.156	0.163	0.161	0.155	0.984
Chronically sick partner	0.095	0.073	0.120	0.127	0.117	0.003
Chronically sick member	0.130	0.111	0.129	0.175	0.184	0.005
Indebted	0.107	0.091	0.144	0.096	0.165	0.005
Unemployed HH head	0.055	0.080	0.026	0.020	0.019	0.000
Unemployed spouse	0.076	0.087	0.062	0.054	0.087	0.128
Unemployed adult	0.163	0.142	0.177	0.215	0.146	0.010

The p values are based on joint F-statistics for the hypothesis that the value of a given variable is identical across the four categories of urban household engagement in agriculture
†Commercial orientation is defined as the share of UA participating households that produced and sold some of their output

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