Table 2 Endogenous switching for FSF adoption and milk production

Province5 (South East)

− 0.463 (0.309)

− 0.770*** (0.182)

0.948** (0.370)

Province 3 (Central)

− 0.748*** (0.270)

− 0.826*** (0.275)

1.564*** (0.396)

Province 2 (Eastern)

− 0.683*** (0.222)

− 0.887*** (0.187)

0.760** (0.353)

Province 4 (North west)

− 0.396 (0.257)

− 0.685*** (0.143)

0.458* (0.252)

Total cows (count)

0.0316 (0.0618)

− 0.0367 (0.0268)

− 0.0534 (0.0690)

Hired labor (yes = 1)

0.138 (0.140)

− 0.240*** (0.0902)

0.0499 (0.178)

Grazing area to household ratio (ha/hh)

48.27** (24.02)

13.99 (13.73)

− 35.00 (49.72)

Total animal feed value(ETB)

− 9.02e-06 (1.01e-05)

1.06e-05 (8.00e-06)

3.43e-05*** (1.15e-05)

Forage expense (ETB)

− 0.0657 (0.159)

− 0.00264 (0.114)

0.357* (0.183)

Feed supplementary cost (ETB)

0.000250 (0.000154)

− 0.000161*** (5.25e-05)

− 1.00e-05 (0.000153)

Veterinary expense (ETB)

− 0.00144 (0.00148)

0.000406 (0.000263)

− 0.000599 (0.000755)

Location (highland = 1)

0.241 (0.237)

0.155 (0.206)

− 0.754* (0.448)

Improved cow (yes = 1)

0.471* (0.278)

− 0.381 (0.271)

1.556*** (0.383)

Access to pond (yes = 1)

− 0.140 (0.200)

− 0.387* (0.233)

− 0.449 (0.767)

Access to animal shed (yes = 1)

0.520** (0.209)

− 0.161 (0.141)

0.336 (0.334)

Access to fodder shed (yes = 1)

− 0.534*** (0.161)

− 0.605** (0.255)

1.732** (0.699)

Household head age (year)

0.000937 (0.00523)

0.00166 (0.00289)

− 0.00430 (0.00578)

Animal shock exposure (yes = 1)

− 0.122 (0.177)

0.189 (0.116)

0.473** (0.188)

Family labor (h)

0.00203 (0.00123)

0.00107* (0.000550)

0.000891 (0.00105)

Information access (yes = 1)

0.381** (0.186)

Village exposure to SF(years)

0.144** (0.0705)

Constant

2.081*** (0.381)

1.863*** (0.182)

− 1.638*** (0.464)

lns1, lns2

− 0.271(0.132)**

− 0.556 (0.164)^***

ρ₁,ρ₂

− 0.363 (0.266)

0.166 (0.354)

LR test of indep. eqns (PV

0.2058

Observations

364

364

364