Examining the determinants of global and local price passthrough in cereal markets: evidence from DCC-GJR-GARCH and panel analyses

Agricultural and Food Economics

Table 2 Summary statistics for maize price returns

	Mean	Median	Maximum	Minimum	Std. dev.	Skewness	Kurtosis	Jarque-Bera
International maize price	0.007	0.004	0.210	− 0.236	0.075	− 0.164	4.176	5.841^a
Argentina	0.008	0.004	0.277	− 0.228	0.079	0.582	5.366	27.228^c
Brazil	0.003	0.009	0.184	− 0.244	0.071	− 0.326	3.924	5.016^a
Cameroon	0.01	0.016	0.314	− 0.147	0.06	1.728	12.007	364.521^c
Ethiopia	0.009	0.001	0.507	− 0.311	0.121	0.519	5.803	34.998^c
Israel	0.007	0.007	0.156	− 0.17	0.051	− 0.475	5.158	21.782^c
Mozambique	− 0.001	0.000	0.182	− 0.375	0.094	− 0.928	5.988	48.465^c
Nicaragua	0.007	0.028	0.239	− 0.554	0.147	− 1.419	5.836	63.017^c
Nigeria	0.004	0.001	0.372	− 0.378	0.119	− 0.515	4.756	16.23^c
Panama	0.009	0.000	0.154	− 0.192	0.057	− 0.231	4.521	9.9^c
Peru	0.009	0.007	0.123	− 0.034	0.026	1.962	9.055	203.863^c
Rwanda	0.004	0.011	0.434	− 0.605	0.13	− 1.04	8.364	129.644^c
Salvador	0.004	0.000	0.214	− 0.147	0.064	0.451	4.786	15.687^c
South Africa	0.005	0.011	0.232	− 0.238	0.075	− 0.103	4.026	4.287
Uganda	0.005	0.01	0.535	− 0.546	0.171	− 0.361	4.233	8.000^b
Ukraine	0.005	0.016	0.323	− 0.521	0.114	− 2.262	11.622	371.29^c
Zambia	− 0.003	0.013	0.145	− 0.324	0.079	− 1.376	5.565	55.448^c

^a, ^b and ^c indicate statistical significance at the 10%, 5% and 1% levels, respectively