Table 1 List and definition of variables

Output

The total kilograms of maize grains obtained by a farmer

Farm size

The total acres of land cultivated by a farmer

Hired labor

The total of people hired during the production season on maize farm

Family labor

The number of family members who assisted for any activity on the farm.

Seed

The total kilogram of seed sown on farm.

Chemical

The total liter of herbicides plus pesticides.

Fertilizer

The total kilogram of organic and inorganic fertilizer used by a farmer.

Adaptation

The number of the fourteen climate adaptation strategies adopted by a farmer. Expectedly, climate adaptation should improve crop production.

Planting date

Dummy: 1 if a farmer adopted the climate adaptation strategy and 0 if not.

Early maturing variety

Dummy: 1 if a farmer adopted the climate adaptation strategy and 0 if not.

Drought-resistant variety

Dummy: 1 if a farmer adopted the climate adaptation strategy and 0 if not.

Crop rotation

Dummy: 1 if a farmer adopted the climate adaptation strategy and 0 if not.

Land rotation

Dummy: 1 if a farmer adopted the climate adaptation strategy and 0 if not.

Mixed farming

Dummy: 1 if a farmer adopted the climate adaptation strategy and 0 if not.

Intercropping

Dummy: 1 if a farmer adopted the climate adaptation strategy and 0 if not.

Refilling

Dummy: 1 if a farmer adopted the climate adaptation strategy and 0 if not.

CA

Dummy: 1 if a farmer adopted the climate adaptation strategy and 0 if not.

ISFM

Dummy: 1 if a farmer adopted the climate adaptation strategy and 0 if not.

Mulching

Dummy: 1 if a farmer adopted the climate adaptation strategy and 0 if not.

Row planting

Dummy: 1 if a farmer adopted the climate adaptation strategy and 0 if not.

IPM

Dummy: 1 if a farmer adopted the climate adaptation strategy and 0 if not.

Contour farming

Dummy: 1 if a farmer adopted the climate adaptation strategy and 0 if not.

Age

The total number of years of a farmer from birth to the time of interview. Age is expected to be positively related to inefficiency since younger farmers should be able through their energy produce maize more efficient.

Education

The total number of years of formal education by a farmer. Expectedly, higher education should improve efficiency through better understanding of production information.

Home-farm

The distance between the home of the farmer and the farm in kilometers. Farmers with short distance to farm are expected to be more efficient since they do not walk longer distance to their farms.

Extension

Dummy: 1 if a farmer had access to extension service during the cropping season and 0 if not. Extension service improves efficiency through the provision and training on production technologies.

Farmer group

Dummy: 1 if a farmer belonged to a farmer group and 0 if not. Group membership is a source of social asset to rural farmers; hence, membership is expected to improve efficiency.

Credit access

Dummy: 1 if a farmer had accessed credit during the cropping season and 0 if not. Access to credit is expected to enhance the use of production inputs, hence, improve efficiency.