Table 4 Association between market access and food security for 324 smallholder households

Distance to market

1.191 (0.141)

− 0.004 (0.049)

Distance to market (squared)

0.996 (0.007)

0.001 (0.003)

Walking time to market

2.345 (1.596)

− 0.098 (0.289)

Walking time to market (squared)

0.918 (0.222)

0.072 (0.100)

Distance to road

1.027 (0.036)

0.017 (0.016)

Distance to a road (squared)

1.000 (0.001)

− 0.000 (0.000)

Production diversity score

1.022 (0.123)

0.063 (0.056)

1.028 (0.123)

0.065 (0.056)

1.143 (0.135)

0.079 (0.053)

Farm size, ha

0.824* (0.083)

− 0.098*** (0.037)

0.823* (0.083)

− 0.100*** (0.037)

0.881 (0.084)

− 0.092** (0.037)

Nonfarm activities—Yes=1

1.631* (0.442)

0.229** (0.113)

1.596* (0.427)

0.224** (0.114)

1.421 (0.369)

0.218** (0.108)

Livestock holding in TLUs

0.889 (0.066)

− 0.045** (0.022)

0.889 (0.066)

− 0.045** (0.022)

0.861** (0.061)

− 0.052** (0.023)

Household head age

1.016* (0.009)

0.001 (0.004)

1.016* (0.009)

0.001 (0.004)

1.013 (0.009)

0.001 (0.004)

Household head education

0.782*** (0.033)

− 0.078*** (0.015)

0.783*** (0.033)

− 0.078*** (0.015)

0.787*** (0.032)

− 0.080*** (0.015)

Female-headed household—Yes = 1

0.607 (0.237)

0.061 (0.182)

0.617 (0.242)

0.066 (0.182)

0.683 (0.278)

0.068 (0.187)

Household size

1.235*** (0.087)

0.106*** (0.034)

1.237*** (0.087)

0.106*** (0.034)

1.257*** (0.090)

0.108*** (0.033)

Pseudo (R-squared)

0.17

0.16

0.17

0.16

0.15

0.16

Model F-statistic

7.33

7.38

6.82

Model chi-squared

65.52

64.75

60.72

Model p value

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000