Table 5 Study variable definitions and measurements

HDDS—food groups

Household dietary diversity score based on the standard 12 food groups

HDDS—purchase food groups

Household dietary diversity score based on the standard 12 food groups with respect to purchased food items only

Food variety score (FVS)

Number of food items consumed in the past 7-days before the survey

FVS—with respect to purchase

Number of food items consumed in the past 7-days before the survey with respect to purchased food items only

Food insecurity

Equal to 1 if the household had experienced any food insecurity issues in the preceding 12 months before the survey

HFIAS

Household food insecurity access scale based on the standard nine food security questions

Distance to market

Distance to the closer market where a household buys and sells agricultural products in kilometers

Walking time to market

Distance to the closer market where a household buys and sells agricultural produces in waking hours

Distance to road

Distance to the closer asphalt road to a given household in kilometers

Production diversity

Number of crop and livestock units produced by the households in the previous harvesting period

Production diversity score (PDS)

Number of crops and livestock groups a household cultivate/rear in the previous harvesting period

Livestock holdings

Livestock holding in Tropical Livestock Units

Farm size

Total agricultural land size in hectare cultivated by the household in the last harvesting season before the survey

Non-farm activities

Equal to1 if any household members of the household have generated income from non-farm activities in the preceding 12 months before the survey

Total agricultural income (1000)

Total household income from agriculture in the current production season in Ethiopian Birr

Household head age

Household head age in years

Household head education

Household head years of education

Household size

Total household members living together