Table 1 Characteristics of study participant
Total N = 2447 | Male N = 623 | Female N = 1824 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Location | < 0.001 | |||
Coastal | 1318 (53.9) | 288 (46.2) | 1030 (56.5) | |
Non-coastal | 1129 (46.1) | 335 (53.8) | 794 (43.5) | |
Household wealth | < 0.001 | |||
Poorest | 492 (20.1) | 72 (11.6) | 420 (23.0) | |
Poor | 488 (19.9) | 111 (17.8) | 377 (20.7) | |
Middle class | 490 (20.0) | 120 (19.3) | 370 (20.3) | |
Rich | 488 (19.9) | 154 (24.7) | 334 (18.3) | |
Richest | 489 (20.0) | 166 (26.6) | 323 (17.7) | |
The main source of drinking water for household | 0.690 | |||
Unimproved | 107 (4.4) | 29 (4.7) | 78 (4.3) | |
Improved | 2340 (95.6) | 594 (95.3) | 1746 (95.7) | |
Toilet facility household usually uses | < 0.001 | |||
Unimproved | 1329 (54.3) | 298 (47.8) | 1031 (56.5) | |
Improved | 1118 (45.7) | 325 (52.2) | 793 (43.5) | |
Ethnicity | 0.016 | |||
Non-Akan | 29 (1.2) | 13 (2.1) | 16 (0.9) | |
Akan | 2418 (98.8) | 610 (97.9) | 1808 (99.1) | |
Religion | < 0.001 | |||
Christian | 2327 (95.1) | 569 (91.3) | 1758 (96.4) | |
Non-Christian | 120 (4.9) | 54 (8.7) | 66 (3.6) | |
Marital status | < 0.001 | |||
Married/cohabiting | 1395 (57.0) | 356 (57.1) | 1039 (57.0) | |
Widowed/divorced/separated | 693 (28.3) | 119 (19.1) | 574 (31.5) | |
Single | 359 (14.7) | 148 (23.8) | 211 (11.6) | |
The current age of respondents in years | ||||
Mean [minimum–maximum] | 40.5 [18–97] | 41.3 [18–80] | 40.2 [18–97] | 0.081 |
Age categorized (years) | ||||
18–25 | 328 (13.4) | 79 (12.7) | 249 (13.7) | 0.240 |
25–29 | 350 (14.3) | 89 (14.3) | 261 (14.3) | |
30–39 | 613 (25.1) | 138 (22.2) | 475 (26.0) | |
40–49 | 475 (19.4) | 130 (20.9) | 345 (18.9) | |
≥ 50 | 681 (27.8) | 187 (30.0) | 494 (27.1) | |
Level of education | < 0.001 | |||
None | 910 (37.2) | 137 (22.0) | 773 (42.4) | |
Primary | 1272 (52.0) | 355 (57.0) | 917 (50.3) | |
Secondary/tertiary | 265 (10.8) | 131 (21.0) | 134 (7.3) | |
Respondent can read and write a sentence in English | < 0.001 | |||
No | 1811 (74.0) | 363 (58.3) | 1448 (79.4) | |
Yes | 636 (26.0) | 260 (41.7) | 376 (20.6) | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | < 0.001 | |||
Underweight | 101 (4.1) | 21 (3.4) | 80 (4.4) | |
Normal | 1386 (56.6) | 454 (72.9) | 932 (51.1) | |
Overweight | 668 (27.3) | 130 (20.9) | 538 (29.5) | |
Obese | 292 (11.9) | 18 (2.9) | 274 (15.0) | |
Self-rating of health today | < 0.001 | |||
Good | 2034 (83.1) | 547 (87.8) | 1487 (81.5) | |
Moderate | 337 (13.8) | 66 (10.6) | 271 (14.9) | |
Poor | 76 (3.1) | 10 (1.6) | 66 (3.6) | |
Valid NHIS card | < 0.001 | |||
No | 1219 (49.8) | 405 (65.0) | 814 (44.6) | |
Yes | 1228 (50.2) | 218 (35.0) | 1010 (55.4) | |
Employment status | 0.003 | |||
Unemployed | 352 (14.4) | 67 (10.8) | 285 (15.6) | |
Employed | 2095 (85.6) | 556 (89.2) | 1539 (84.4) | |
Completed level of education | < 0.001 | |||
No | 786 (51.2) | 206 (42.5) | 580 (55.2) | |
Yes | 750 (48.8) | 279 (57.5) | 471 (44.8) | |
Stability of current employment | 0.260 | |||
Regular | 1499 (71.6) | 408 (73.4) | 1091 (70.9) | |
Irregular | 596 (28.4) | 148 (26.6) | 448 (29.1) | |
Agricultural autonomy in decision making | ||||
Inadequate | – | – | 143 (15.0) | |
Adequate | – | – | 809 (85.0) | |