Food, biofuels or cosmetics? Land-use, deforestation and CO2 emissions embodied in the palm oil consumption of four European countries: a biophysical accounting approach

Agricultural and Food Economics

Table 1 Annual forest loss (%) within RSPO certified (2008–2016) and conventional plantations (NO-RSPO) (2000–2016)

References	Time period	Countries	Annual forest loss rate (%)
References	Time period	Countries	RSPO (2008–2016)	NO-RSPO (2000–2016)
Meijaard et al. (2017)	2000–2015	Indonesia-Malaysia	0.4	0.9
Gunarso et al. (2013)	2001–2010	Indonesia—Malaysia—P.N.G	n.a	0.15–0.3–0.02
Austin et al. (2017)	2000–2015	Indonesia	n.a	0.13
Cazzolla Gatti et al. (2019)^a	2001–2016	Indonesia—Malaysia—P.N.G	2.70	2.42
Carlson et al. (2018)	2000–2015	Indonesia	0.11	0.12

^aThis study provides higher values of the annual deforestation rate because performing a more refined analysis—i.e. at company-level—of deforestation trends within RSPO and NO-RSPO palm oil plantations
n.a. not available