Table 8 Average values of selected covariates for the organic and conventional farms sampled by the RECAN for the year 2014 (“bad” season)

Olive grower’s characteristics

Age (years)

54.8

59.4

− 4.59

3.98^***

Gender (1 = female, 0 = male)

0.30

0.11

0.19

18.5^**

Education (1 = academic, 0 = experience)

0.13

0.06

0.07

5.04^*

Full-time farmer (1 = yes, 0 = no)

0.53

0.62

− 0.09

2.41

Farm characteristics

Ownership type (1 = family, 0 = corporate)

0.87

0.93

− 0.06

3.54

Location (1 = Andalusia, 0 = rest of Spain)

0.94

0.75

0.18

16.7^***

Location in areas of natural constraints (1 = yes, 0 = no)

0.95

0.66

0.29

33.0^***

Location altitude < 300m (1 = yes, 0 = no)

0.08

0.28

− 0.20

17.8^***

Location altitude 300-600m (1 = yes, 0 = no)

0.85

0.40

0.45

59.8^***

Product certification (1 = yes, 0 = no)

0.03

0.16

− 0.14

13.3^***

Utilized Agricultural Area, UAA (ha)

35.1

34.3

0.83

− 0.20

Irrigation area (%/UAA)

10.6

33.3

− 22.7

5.68^***

Farm resources

Land value (€/ha)

6371

11,737

− 5367

5.76^***

Family labor input (%/total labor)

64.8

63.4

1.40

− 0.59

Production intensity (€/ha)

495

580

− 84.8

2.59^*

Characteristics of the region

GDP per capita (€)

17,978

19,209

− 1231

4.44^***

Total organic area (%/regional UAA)

22.4

20.5

1.89

− 3.46^***

Olive organic area (%/regional olive UAA)

7.45

10.6

− 3.17

2.98^**